Histology Blood PDF - 2024

‫مكتب الدقة‬ ‫للخدمات المكتبية واالعمال االدارية‬ ‫‪Histology blood‬‬ ‫السعر ‪ 3‬د‬ ‫التاري خ ‪1212 / 21 / 09‬‬ ‫طبق – كلية الطب ر‬ ‫البشي‬ ‫ج امعة ر‬ ‫هستولوج للسنة ثانية موديول الدفعة ‪41‬‬ ‫محاضة االول (بلوك ‪)Blood‬‬‫ر‬ ‫ال‬...

‫مكتب الدقة‬ ‫للخدمات المكتبية واالعمال االدارية‬ ‫‪Histology blood‬‬ ‫السعر ‪ 3‬د‬ ‫التاري خ ‪1212 / 21 / 09‬‬ ‫طبق – كلية الطب ر‬ ‫البشي‬ ‫ج امعة ر‬ ‫هستولوج للسنة ثانية موديول الدفعة ‪41‬‬ ‫محاضة االول (بلوك ‪)Blood‬‬‫ر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫للدكتورة ‪ :‬خديجة‬ ‫العنوان ‪ :‬ح الحرية مقابل كلية الطب ر‬ ‫البشي‬ ‫‪EDITION 2024‬‬  BM/ juss xisI & ⑪ central pallor - E > it binds to It whe The it Become - Acidic d To I 1  Blood -Filming  It is a fluid connective tissue, formed from cells ,fibers and plasma Components of blood A. Fluid components (Plasma)  55% of total blood volume  It is a yellowish fluid that act as a medium for circulating cells and metabolic substances  It is formed from: 1. Water about 90% of the plasma or fluid components Saline and Dextros the 2. Inorganic salts o.9 % because of that have 0 9. 3. Other organic molecules (2.1%) in the form of vitamins, lipids and of salt hormones. 4. Plasma proteins 7% A. Albumin 1. Is the most important plasma proteins 2. Maintains the colloid pressure of the blood so, prevent the loss of fluid of the blood to extracellular space 3. Free fatty acids carrier B. Fibrinogen responsible for blood clotting C. Globulin (alpha, beta and gamma globulin) 2  Alam : 1. Gamma globulin responsible for antibodies 2. Beta globulin is responsible for transport of hormones ,metal and lipids B. Cellular components of blood (blood cells)  45 % of total blood volume  Include the following cells: Erythrocytes(red blood corpouscles) or RBCs Number:  In male 5-55 million cells per cubic millimeter  In female 4.5 -5 million cells per cubic millimeter  The number is less in female due to: 1. Blood loss during menstruation 2. Pregnancy 3. Lactation  Abnormalities in the number of RBCs: 1. Decrease the number of RBCs known as anemia  Anemia is defined as increase in number of RBCs ,Hb contents or both -  Its types: 1. Deficiency anemia imponentfor  As iron ,copper ,protein ,Vitamin C and vitamin B12 Absorbina 2. Hemorrhagic anemia  As different types of hemorrhage 3. Hemolytic anemia  Occurs when excessive destruction in RBCs as in : 1. Malaria infection 2. Poisoning 3 3. Certain congenital abnormalities in cell membrane of RBCs as spherocytosis ,presence of HB F (Thalassemia) and Hb S in Sickle anemia chain 4. Aplastic anemia:  Congenital abnormalities of bone marrow  Bone marrow destruction as X-ray exposure 2. Increase in number known as polycythemia:  Polycythemia is known as increase in the number of RBCs above 6 million per cubic millimeter  Is due to Hypoxia Shape:  They are rounded non nucleated cells  They are biconcave discs  May be pear-shaped in case of certain diseases and called Poikilocytes  Or may be biconvex shape and called spherocytes Diameter:  Normal diameter is 7.5 micron  Thickness at periphery is 1.9 micron  Thickness at center is 1.1 micron  Abnormalities in RBcs size is called Anisocytosis  Abnormal increase in the diameter is called Macrocytic anemia  Abnormal decrease in the number called Microcytic anemia Structure  They are acidophilic in reaction due to Hb is a basic proteins  They have no nuclei and organelles except cell membrane  They have on their surface antigen of blood group and Rh factor  Their cytoplasm is completely filled with Hb  The concentration of their Hb is about 12-16 gm per 100 c.c blood (depend on sex)  Their cell membrane is flexible but not possess own motility  Framework spectrin protein is present under plasma lemma of RBCc which is responsible for their biconcave disc and its flexibility 4  Color ↳ with  They are greenish yellow color without staining due Hb  The normal range of their Hb is 12-16 gm per 100 c.c blood  Normochromic means normal Hb percent in RBCs  Hyper chromic means more Hb percent  Hypochromic means low Hb percent  Biconcave disk RBCs contents:   They are not true cells They have neither nuclei nor organelles more flecte  > - They are surrounded by plastic cell membrane of lipoproteins structure  Their cell membrane contain spectrin protein that responsible for biconcavity of the membrane  RBCs are completely filled with Hb  Hemoglobin consists of molecules of globulin bound to an iron containing porphyrin called Haem  Each globulin molecule is made up of a group of four polypeptide chains.  The composition of the polypeptide chains is variable, several types of hemoglobin can exist.  Most of normal adult hemoglobin is classified as haemoglobin A (HbA).  Abnormal forms of hemoglobin include haemoglobin S (in sickle cell disease). Life span of erythrocytes: mu  About 120 days  About 1/ 120 of their number are destructed per day and at the same time ,the same number are synthesized in bone marrow  Their destruction done by phagocytic cells of spleen , liver and bone marrow  Their number varies according to many factors:  1-Age 2-Sex 3-Species 4-Nutritional state 5-High altitude and 6-Diseases. Development or their origin:  They are derived from meyloblasts of bone marrow 5  Reticulocytes :  Are immature RBCs  Slightly larger than normal  Still retain polyribosomes  They are motile in tissue culture  Do not exceed 1.5% of total erythrocytes  Their percentages increase in case of hemorrhagic anemia RBCs adaptation to perform their functions: 1. The cell membrane is plastic allow RBCs to squeeze through narrow capillaries 2. The cell membrane is biconcave increase the surface area more gases exchange 3. The lipoprotein structure of the cell membrane selective barrier easy exchange of carbon dioxide and Co2 through it 4. Absence of both organelles and the nucleus more surface area for Hb 5. RBCs are rich in carbonic anhydrase enzyme which facilitate the combination of Hb with Co2 get ride this Co2 6  Leukocytes (White blood cells or WBCs)  Without staining appeared white  Are true cells (Nucleus, organelles)  4-11 thousands /CC of blood  Their size is more larger than RBCs  Unlike RBCs, they do their functions outside blood circulations  Defending and fighting are the main functions Classification of leucocytes According to presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules: 1. Granulocytes:  Have cytoplasmic granules  Have affinity for staining because of the grands  They include neutrophils ,eosinophil and basophils 2. Agranulocytes  No granules in cytoplasm  No affinity for staining  They include lymphocytes and monocytes According to morphology of stained nucleus: 1. Mononuclear:  Have irregular nuclei  Nucleus is formed from one lobe  As monocytes and lymphocytes 2. Polymorphnuclear:  The nucleus is formed from two or more lobes.  As granular leukocytes(neutrophils ,eosinophil and basophils ↓ ↓ d ⑧ 7 a &  % is Neutrophils (polymorph nuclear cell) Or PMN neutrophils   Most common leukocytes. Differenciahot Compose 60-70-% 0f total leukocytes(DLC) count to  The nucleus is formed from 3-5 lobes  Cytoplasm contain azurophilic granules that stained purple -  Granules are lysosome bounded, contain enzymes that are responsible for intracellular digestion of phagocytized particles.  It is the first line of cellular defense called microphages On  Capable of amoeboid movement and diabedesis through blood vessel wall  Barr body ( drumstick chromosome) visible in about 3% peripheral blood - of females( condensed chromatin = low rate transcription) - Eosinophil (polymorph nuclear cell) or PMN eosinophil  Compose 1-4% of total leukocytes(DLC)  Bilobed nucleus  Their granules are larger than neutrophils  Their granules are stained esinophilic (acidophilic)  Their granules contain lysosome like neutrophils  Are capable of amoeboid movement like neutrophils  They recognize and phagocytize antigen antibody complex  Can be involved in preventing blood clotting  Increase in case of parasitic infection 8  Basophils (polymorph nuclear cell) or PMN basophils  Compose 0-1% of total leukocytes(DLC)  S shaped PMN basophils  More larger granules  Granules contain both histamine ( allergic reaction and inflammation)  And heparin (anticoagulant)  Limited capacity for amoeboid movement Lymphocytes  Derived from lymphoid cells of bone marrow  Their maturation occur in lymphoid organs as lymph nodes and thymus  Compose 20-30-% of circulating leukocytes(DLC) gotic e  Mononuclear (spherical nucleus)  Three types 1. T -Lymphocytes a 1. ↑ immunity Responsible for cellular - 2. has 4 types, Killer, helper, immunosuppressive and memory cells 3. -. They may act as Graft rejection cells 110 4. They act as a memory cells 5. They considered as helper cells 6. They act as a killer cells because can secrete many lymphokines as: a- Interferon which inhibit viral replication b- Chemostatic factor which attract macrophages to site of infection c- Cytotoxic factors which kill the bacteria d- Mitogenic factors which stimulate lymphocytes formation 2. B- lymphocytes  Responsible for humeral immunity "humotral" 9   Stimulated by antigen plasma cells which secrete antibodies 3- Natural killer cells  They are lymphocytes like cells  They kill neoplastic cells and viral infected cells  They have no immunological memory Monocytes  Compose 2-6% of circulating leukocytes  Kidney or horse shaped nucleus  May oval mononuclear cell ,the nucleus contains 2-3 nucleoli  More cytoplasm than lymphocytes, form tissue macrophages(phagocytosis) Frami 10 11  Leucocytes Erythrocytes True cells with nuclei and organoides Mere bags containing HB ,no nucleus or organoides Do not form rouleaux form rouleaux Five types One type Colorless, but when condensed appeared white Greenish yellow but when condensed become red Their number in thousands In millions Large in size(7-20 micron) Smaller (6-9 microns) Do their functions extravascular Do their functions intravascular Defensive functions Gaseous exchange Originated from myeloid and lymphoid cells From myeloid only Their life span is few days except lymphocytes 120 days may a year T Platelets (thrombocytes) 5 3. ⑭  Non nucleated  Originated from megakaryocytes in bone marrow  Disk like fragment   - 200-250.000/C C of blood amphibian 7- 10 days life span as 2  Appears in clumps -> Bird ,  In lower vertebrates called thrombocytes because they have nucleus 2  In stained smear ,platelets has peripheral& lightly stained area hyalomere and central zone containing granules called granulomere Hyalomere contains:  Contain both microtubules and microfilaments  They have a contractile function ranulowere Granulomere contains: g · 1. Mitochondria and glycogen particles ppi h 2. Dense bodies that contain calcium ions ,pyrophosphate ,ADP &ATP serotonin(vasoconstrictor) 3. Alfa granules of azourophilic granules are present in granulomere · ↓ 12 13  Haemopoiesis  Means the formation of blood cells  Hemato = blood and poietin = to make  Hematopoietic tissues or organs are specialized tissues that produce the formed elements of the blood(blood cells)  In adult man , the haemopoietic tissue is divided into 2 main types: 1. Myeloid tissue or bone marrow 2. Lymphatic tissue as lymph node , thymus , spleen and tonsils Myeloid tissues(bone marrow  Are of two types: 1. Yellow (inactive)bone marrow:  Yellow color due to its high contents of adipose tissue  Present in the cavity of long bone in adult  It contains many fat cells , reticular cells and some hematopoietic stem cells  It may be change into red bone marrow in case of serve blood loss 2. Red (active) bone marrow  Is red due to presence of hemoglobin in erythrocytes and their precursor cells  In fetuses most of bone marrow are red ,then gradually changes into yellow types during growth  In adults ,most of marrow transformed into yellow except 1. Epiphysis of long bones 2. Vertebrae 3. Sternum and ribs NB: in the embryo blood elements is developed from: 1- Mesoblastic phase(first two months)  Mesenchyme in area vascular and placenta 2- Hepatic phase:  From 2nd to 5th months 14   Liver spleen and thymus 3- Myeloid phase ;  Bone marrow(5th months on words) Histological structure of bone marrow: 1. The stroma:  It is formed of the following fixed cells: 1. Reticular cells 2. Osteogenic cells 3. Fat cells 4. Endothelial cells 5. Pericytes cells 2. Blood sinusoids See cardiovascular 3. Free cells  Are developing blood cells in variable stages  Are derived from colony forming unites(CFU) ; common stem cells  CFU resemble small lymphocytes but differ in: 1. Larger than lymphocytes and more irregular in shape 2. Rounded with no indentations nucleus 3. They are undifferentiated pluripotent cells which are capable of division and differentiation to other cells 15  Erythropoiesis 1- Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells(UMC):  Present in embryonic blood islands 2- Colony forming unite(CFU):  These cells differentiate into : 3- Erythrocytic colony forming unite(CFU-E) Differentiated along the erythrocytic sub lines 4- Pro-erythroblasts:  Large nucleus with fine chromatins and mildly stained cytoplasm  Differentiated into 5- Erythroblasts:  Which pass in the following stages a- Basophils erythroblasts:  Smaller cells ,more basophilic cytoplasm  Smaller and more condensed nucleus  Absence of nucleoli  Developed into b- Polychromatophils erythroblasts:  Small in size with bluish pink cytoplasm  Take both basophilia(due to RNA) and acidophilia (due to newly formed hemoglobin)  Very small nucleus and deeply stained c- Norm oblasts:  Smaller in size and incapable of further division  More acidophilic cytoplasm (more HB) and loss of RNA  The nucleus become smaller and eccentric and pyknotic  Occasionally the small particles of nucleus may be left behind called Howell-Jolly bodies 6- Mature erythrocytes: Leave the closed bone marrow spaces and enter the circulation through holes between endothelial cells of blood sinusoids 16  Granulopoiesis (Development of granular leukocytes) 1- Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells(UMC) 2- Colony forming unit(CFU) 3- Colony forming unit-granulocytes (CFU-G):  Which are capable of differentiated into other progenitor cells  Each progenitor cell can give s sub line of granulocytes(neutrophils ,basophils and eosinophil) 4- Promyelocytes:  Large cells with large indented pale nucleus  Few nonspecific granules in the cytoplasm  This cells differentiates into: 5- Myelocytes:  Smaller and more condensed indented nucleus  Specific granules in cytoplasm  Thus each type of granular leukocytes can be distinguished by their specific granules  The myelocytes lose their power to divide and changed to 6- Metamyelocytes:  Contain more specific granules  Kidney shape nucleus  Deeply stained  Neutrophils metamyelocytes also called Juvenile neutrophils 7- Mature granulocytes:  Specific granules and characteristic nuclei which pass through the walls of the sinusoids into circulation NB: 1. Band neutrophils(Stab or staff neutrophils): 2. Slightly immature neutrophils with deeply stained bent- rod nucleus. 3. Appeared normally in the blood but not exceed 2% 17  Development of Monocytes 1- UDM in the blood islands 2- Colony forming unite(CFU): which differentiate into: 3- CFU-G :  Is special type of CFU that is common precursor for both neutrophils and monocytes  Differentiates into 4- Monoblasts;  Differentiate and divide into: 5- Monocytes;  Squeezed through holes of endothelial lining blood capillaries to circulation  They remain in the circulation for about 3 days before they migrate to tissues in which changed into macrophages Development of B- lymphocytes 1-UDM in the blood islands 2-Colony forming unite(CFU 3-B-lymphocytic CFU (precursor of – lymphocytes serious) 4-Lymphoblasts(Transition cells):  Larger than small lymphocytes 5-B-lymphocytes:  When they mature they enter circulation and filter out in the lymphatic tissues except thymus  In these sites ,they activated into by antigen to plasmoblasts Plasma cells antibodies NB:  In contrast to B- lymphocytes which complete their development in red bone marrow ,The T – lymphocytes developed into thymus gland 18  Development of T- lymphocytes 1- UDM in the blood islands 2- Colony forming unite(CFU):  Migrate to cortex of the thymus(during neonatal life) where they developed into: 3- T-lymphocytic CFU :  Which differentiates under the effect of thymopoietin hormone of the thymus into 4- T- lymphoblasts:  Divide in the outer part of the thymus (cortex)and differentiate into: 5- T- Lymphocytes:  Produced in the deep part of the thymic cortex the pushed to thymic medulla(thymic dependent zone) Development of platelets 1. UDM in the blood islands 2. Colony forming unite(CFU): 3. Megakaryocytic colony forming unite(CFU-M) 4. Promegakaryocytes 5. Megakaryocytes:  Giant cells with largely lobulated and deeply stained nucleus  Basophilic and cytoplasm containing some azurophilic granules 19. 20 21 22