Blood Functions and Components Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What happens during inhalation?

Carbon dioxide moves into the lungs.

Lungs decrease in size to increase pressure.

Muscles contract to decrease pressure in the lungs. (correct)

Air moves from low to high pressure.

Which mechanism regulates breathing in response to high carbon dioxide levels?

Oxygen sensors send action potentials to inhale.

Medulla oblongata relaxes breathing muscles. (correct)

Medulla oblongata sends action potentials for exhalation.

CO2 sensors send signals to contract breathing muscles.

What occurs during internal respiration?

Oxygen moves from blood to lungs.

Carbon dioxide moves into the atmosphere.

Oxygen moves into tissues and carbon dioxide moves into blood. (correct)

Air travels from high to low pressure in the trachea.

What is the primary role of the medulla oblongata in respiration?

Sends action potentials to breathing muscles based on CO2 levels. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during external respiration?

Oxygen moves into the blood from the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of plasma in blood?

Transporting nutrients and wastes Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in blood are responsible for fighting infections?

White blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

Binds oxygen for transport throughout the body Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell transforms into macrophages?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the initial response to blood vessel injury?

Exposure of collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of eosinophils in the immune system?

Destroying parasitic worms Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of blood clotting?

Coagulation Signup and view all the answers

How long does hemoglobin typically last in red blood cells?

120 days Signup and view all the answers

What blood type has A and B antigens on the surface of its red blood cells?

Type AB Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type can be classified as a universal donor?

Type O Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an Rh- mother gives birth to an Rh+ baby?

The mother produces antibodies against Rh antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What role do capillaries play in the respiratory system?

They warm the air to protect lung cells. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism controls the diameter of bronchioles in the lungs?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which structure covers the glottis when swallowing?

Epiglottis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of alveoli in the lungs?

To facilitate gas exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when cold air enters the respiratory system?

It can destroy lung cells. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Function

Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and waste away from cells
Protects the body from infections with white blood cells, and stops bleeding with clotting proteins
Regulates body temperature

Blood Components

Blood is a connective tissue made of liquid matrix called plasma and cells called formed elements

Plasma

Contains water, dissolved substances, and proteins
Dissolved substances include oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, nutrients, and wastes
Proteins include albumins (function as carrier proteins and keep blood isotonic with extracellular fluid), globulins (function as antibodies), and clotting proteins (stop bleeding)

Clotting

Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood loss
Platelets form a plug over the damaged area by activating and sticking together
Clotting proteins are activated by platelets to create a clot
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms the clot

White Blood Cells

Neutrophils are the first responders to infection and engulf bacteria, viruses, and dead cells
Eosinophils destroy parasitic worms
Basophils secrete histamine to induce inflammation
Monocytes transform into macrophages which perform phagocytosis
Lymphocytes produce antibodies

Red Blood Cells

Contain hemoglobin which binds oxygen
1 hemoglobin molecule binds to 4 oxygen molecules
Red blood cells last about 120 days and have no nucleus
Kidney regulates red blood cell production
Spleen and liver are the "graveyards" for red blood cells
Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin
Heme breaks down into iron which is reused for hemoglobin, and bilirubin which is used to produce bile in the liver
Globin breaks down into amino acids which are reused for other proteins

Blood Types

Genetically determined by glycoproteins expressed on the red blood cell surface called antigens
Antibodies are formed against antigens not expressed on red blood cells
Blood types are named by the antigen expressed on the red blood cells: A, B, AB, O

RH Factors

The presence or absence of the RH factor determines the +/- after a blood type
RH negative individuals do not make antibodies against the Rh factor unless exposed to it
An RH-negative mother can develop antibodies against the Rh factor if she carries an RH-positive baby
Rh-negative mothers are given drugs to inhibit Rh antibodies

Respiratory System

The primary function of the respiratory system is to deliver oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood

Nose

Warms and moistens air
Filters air with nose hairs and cilia

Pharynx

The passageway for both food and air

Larynx

The voice box
Only air travels through the larynx
The epiglottis covers the glottis (opening to the larynx) when swallowing

Trachea

Supported by cartilage rings

Bronchi

Supported by cartilage rings

Bronchioles

Smooth muscles control the diameter of the bronchioles

Alveoli

Small air sacs in the lungs that are responsible for gas exchange
Blood is brought to the alveoli via the pulmonary circuit

Mechanisms of Breathing

Air moves from high pressure to low pressure
Breathing occurs when the pressure in the lungs is different from the atmospheric pressure
Inhale - lungs increase in size to decrease pressure below atmospheric pressure, causing air to move into the lungs
Exhale - lungs decrease in size to increase pressure above atmospheric pressure, causing air to move out of the lungs

Respiration

Internal respiration occurs at all tissues where oxygen moves into tissues and carbon dioxide moves into blood
External respiration occurs at the lungs where oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves into the lungs

Regulation of Breathing

Neural controls
- Medulla oblongata controls breathing
Chemical controls
- CO2 sensors (H+) in major blood vessels detect high carbon dioxide levels in the blood and send signals to the medulla oblongata to relax breathing muscles, causing exhalation
- Oxygen sensors

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Description

Test your knowledge on the functions and components of blood, including its ability to transport nutrients, regulate temperature, and protect the body from infections. Understand the roles of plasma, clotting mechanisms, and the various proteins involved in maintaining health. This quiz will help reinforce key concepts related to blood and its essential functions in the human body.