BLANK Revision Sheet - Bony Landmarks

# PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS ## Upper Limb ### Lower Limb | | | |---|---| | Suprasternal notch | | | Clavicle | | | Acromion process | | | Greater tuberosity of the humerus | | | Spine of scapula | | | Medial border of scapula | | | Inferior angle of scapula | | | Lateral border of scapula...

# PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS ## Upper Limb ### Lower Limb | | | |---|---| | Suprasternal notch | | | Clavicle | | | Acromion process | | | Greater tuberosity of the humerus | | | Spine of scapula | | | Medial border of scapula | | | Inferior angle of scapula | | | Lateral border of scapula | | | Lesser tuberosity of humerus | | | Coracoid Process | | | Glenoid Fossa | | | Infraspinatus Fossa (Rotator cuff) | | | Supraspinatus Fossa (Rotator cuff) | | | Subscapularis Fossa (Rotator cuff) | | | Olecranon | | | Medial epicondyle of the humerus | | | Lateral epicondyle of the humerus | | | Head of Radius | | | Scaphoid | | | Lunate | | | Triquetrial | | | Pisiform | | | Trapezium | | | Capitate | | | Hamate | | | Ulnar Styloid | | | Radial styloid | | ## Hook of hamate ### Lower Limb | | | |---|---| | Base of 5th | | | Radial Tuberosity | | | Trapezoid | | | Intertubecular (bicipital) groove | | | Deltoid Tuberosity | | | Lateral Edge of Acromion | | | Illiac Crest | | | ASIS | | | AIIS | | | PSIS | | | Pubic Symphysis | | | Pubic Tubercle | | | Ischial Tuberosity | | | Sacrum | | | Coccyx | | | Grater Trochanter | | | Head of Fibula | | | Lateral border of Patella | | | Medial Border of the Tibia | | | Tibial Tuberosity | | | Lateral/ Medial Tibial Condyle | | | Lateral/Medial tibial epicondyle | | | Epicondyles of the femur | | | Condyles of the femur | | | Adductor Tubercle | | | Femur | | | Apex/Inferior pole of patella | | | Base/Superior pole of patella | | ## Tibial Plateau ### Lower Limb | | | |---|---| | Anterior Border of the Tibia | | | Medial Malleolus | | | Calcaneus | | | Sustentaculum Tali | | | Tuberosity of Navicular | | | Talus | | | Cuboid | | | Base of fifth metatarsal | | | Cuneiforms (lateral, indermediate and medial) | | | Head of metatarsals | | | Talar dome | | ## Very visule under the skin. ### Lower Limb - Middle and top of sternum - Go from notch, to the joint and then palpate along til you feel a drop off. - Find the notch, along the clavicle, and there is a small lump after the AC joint. It is part of the scapula - Find the AC joint and down a little bit it’s the part that sticks out on the lateral of shoulder. - Is the smooth landmakr that goes laterally or horizontally. Use a boney landmakr on the humerus. Find the greater tubercle of the humerus, go posterially and medially, then it’s a bone that is quite easy to find and follow down. - from the spine of scapula, go to the end of it and palpate round and down. - lower part of scapula, follow round past medial border - Past inferior angle and up to the lateral border. Just follow it round. - start on the greater tubercle of the humerus, palpate forwards, inwards, and slightly distally. Get the patient to do a bicep curl and block them with your other hand. You should feel a pop in the shoulder. Then com eover a little more medially and your on the lesser tubercle. - is the hook at the front of the shoulder - place hand flat on shoulder, index finger in lin e with the AC joint and roll your middle finger forward. Press firmly and should be uncomfortable. - just behind the coracoid process is glenoid fossa. Where we get our gross shoulder movement. - On the back of the elbow, bony prominence. Back on the ulna. Bend elbow palpate and does it hurt? - Get patient in anatomical postiton. Go for back of bony elbow (olecromon) go inwards and then a little bit up, and find a really boney prominence. - Go from boney prominance at the back of the elbow, go outwards, and it’s the boney promiance. - Is like an egg shape for the Capitulum to sit in. Start on the olecranon process (elbow) , laterally to the epicondyle, palpate down, feel the drop off and it should be the next boney prominace. To check - ask patint to twist hand, should feel rotation of radial head. - Find pubic symphsis and palpate just to the left or ight - The lower back - lowest of the back, in bum crack - Go from patients waist, Palpate distally until you feel the top of the iliac crest - Gently palpate anteriorly until you feel the ASIS to the PSIS - patient in supine, find the top of the illiac crest and palpate down towards ASIS. It sticks out. - Find the ASIS and come 1 inch down and 1 inch in to feel the Boney Landmark. It is harder to find as its inferior - Get patient standing and uncover stomach. Start on the iliac crest, keep contact and palpate back and down until, You feel the Boney pultrusion. - Instruct the patient, Uncover your belly button, from your belly button palpate down. In a straight line and keep going until you feel a hard prominence.When you find it push down for me. Should be uncomfortable - Tuberosity is a rounded prominence below the glute. To palpate patient lying in prone, legs extended. Use tips of fingers or thumb, go up the hamstring and keep contact until right under the glute max you feel a boney prominance. - Find it from the ASIS, palpate around laterally and then distally to the side - Should feel the boney pratubelernce,If you get them to move (shake the leg) should appear and disappear when they move their leg - Go from Apex of patella, palpate laterally and slightly distally and should hit the head of the fibula. Quite far down. - Bicep femoris inserts into the head of the fibula. - Find Tbial Tuberorsity, palpate down and across and down the medial border and its quite far back. - Patient in supine one leg flexed on bed other ext. find side of femur, palpate towards the knee and you'll feel a bump and then a dip and a bump again. That’s the femoral epicondyle - Find the ridge is the epicondyle and then just to the right will be a little ridge which is the condyle. - Find the medial epicondyle, go proximally (up) 1 centimetre and then medially (towards you) and you should feel the ridge. Press down firmly and it should be uncomfortable for the patient. - Find the patella and is the arrow head at the bottom of the patella. - The top of the patella - Flat surface above the tibia. - The front of the shin, a straight line then curves in towards the foot as you palpate down the bone. - Inside of the ankle - bony prominance - Heel - Sustentaculum tali is a shelf that the calcaneus sits - Carries the weight of the talus - Find sustentaculum tali, go forwards and it’s a bony prominance. - Further back down from the last little toe, past halfway of foot along the side. - Find the mallelous and go below the joint line on top of the foot, you should be able to feel the medial on the inside top, intermediate on the top of the foot and the lateral towards the outside of the foot. - 2x Sesamoid bone - housed within a tendon. Underneath the head of the first metatarsal. Find from feeling the sole of the foot - Get patient to put hand behind back to see the scapula better. - Cant palpate as its too deep. - Coronoid process - claw under humerus and front of ulna ## Upper Limb ### Lower Limb | | | |---|---| | Sternoclavicular joint | | | Scapulothoracic joint | | | Acromioclavicular joint | | | Glenohumeral joint | | | Radiocarpal joint line | | | Inferior radial ulnar joint | | | Metacarpalphalangeal Joint | | | Proximal interphalangeal joint | | | Distal interphalangeal joint | | | Carpometacarpal Jointline | | | Talocrural Jointline | | | Subtalar Jointline | | | Mid-tarsal Jointline | | | Femoroacetabular jointline | | | TibioFemroal Jointline | | ## find notch, palpate laterally and elevate the clavicle (shoulder ### Lower Limb - Technically not a joint, controlled and maintained by muscles not ligament or joint capsule. scaplua moves around on the thorax. - Find the clavicle, and palpate laterally until you feel a slight drop off. Need to move - Ball and socket joint. Roughly inline with the armpit. Look from behind and see the crease of come laterally. Pop your hand over the joint over the shoulder and should feel the joint when down. - Patient in supine - feet over the edge of the bed, start in plantarflexion , then into dorsiflexion plantarflexion - (toes to floor and then point toes to shin and back down - Below the talus - Patient In supine and sock line over the edge of the bed. Hold tib and fib to stablise, ask to can do both at the same time. - Point toes down, eversion - then point toes out and inand - Inversion - point toes down and move in then out then in - Do good leg first and then both together. - Still stablize around tib and fib. - Get patient to find pubic symphysis and you find the ASIS and the greater trochanter. Find them to bring their knee up to their chest - is the gap in the knee, - Start on medial tibia condyle- palpate proximally feel the drop, come back and you should find coontact and palpate across . Then get patient to extend and flex and you should feel the ## Upper Limb ### Lower Limb | | | |---|---| | Annular ligament | | | Radial/Lateral Collateral Ligament | | | Ulnar/Medial collateral ligament | | | Glenohumeral ligament | | | Coracoclavicular ligament | | | Acromioclavicular ligament | | | Coracacromial Ligament | | | Inguinal Ligament | | | Medial Collateral ligament | | | Tibial Collateral Ligament | | | Fibular Collateral Ligament | | | Anterior Cruciate Ligament | | | Posterior Cruciate Ligament | | | Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL) | | | Posterior Talofibular Ligament (PTFL) | | | Calcaneofibular Ligament | | | Tibionavicular Ligament (Deltoid Ligament) | | | Tibiocalcaneal Ligament (Deltoid Ligament) | | | Anterior Tibiotalar Ligament (Deltoid Ligament) - Top one | | | Posterior Tibiotalar Ligament (Deltoid Ligament) | | | Patella Tendon | | | Quadricep Tendon | | | Menisci (fat) | | | Pubofemoral Ligament - Pubis to femur | | | Iscialfemoral Ligament - ischium to femur | | | Iliumfemoral Ligament - illium to femur | | ## Palpate - medial epicondyle (just below) to the medial coronoid process of the ulna. - Is the dip in the front of the ankle - Back of outside of the ankle. - Find the bottom of the outside of ankle and to the back of the heel - Has attachements to the anterior side and the posterior side of the radius and wraps around the radius head. - From the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and is between that and the head of the radius. - Inguinal is within the groin, Palpate the ligament from the ASIS to the pubic symphisis, should feel you dropping on and off the ligament. ## When the leg abducts - way from the body it, Stretches, as well as when the hip extends, go backwards. Anterior surface of the intertronchanteric Fossa. - Orginate on the ischio portion of the abceltbilism, Spirals onto the neck of the femur and the base of the greater trachanter. Acts as a posterior stabiliser - When hip is flex it is relaxed and stablisers posteriaolry. Stope the head of the femur slding to far back - Strongest of the three, Originate on the base of the AIIS. Go into the line between the great trochanter and the femur. Prevent excessive hip extension - Shaped in a Y because it splits as it comes down and attaches in the trochanteric line. ## Test - ## Upper Limb ### Lower Limb | | | |---|---| | Active Shoulder Flexion | | | Active Shoulder Extension | | | Passive Shoulder Extension | | | Passive Shoulder Flexion | | | Active shoulder abduction | | | Active shoulder adduction | | | Passive shoulder abduction | | | Passive shoulder adduction | | | Glenohumeral rotation - active external/lateral rotation | | | Glenohumeral rotation - active internal/medial rotation | | | Passive glenohumeral external/lateral rotation | | | Passive glenohumeral internal/medial rotation | | | Horizontal shoulder abduction | | | Horizontal shoulder adduction | | | Passive horizontal shoulder abduction | | | Passive horizontal shoulder adduction | | | AROM Elbow flexion | | | AROM Elbow extension | | | PROM Elbow flexion | | | PROM Elbow extension | | | AROM Supination | | | AROM Pronation | | | AROM/PROM Supination | | | AROM/PROM Pronation | | | Radiocarpal joint extension | | | Radiocarpal joint flexion | | | Radiocarpal/radial deviation | | | Radiocarpal/ulnar deviation | | | Metacarpalphalangeal joint flexion | | | First interphalangeal flexion (thumb) | | | Metacarpalphalangeal joint extension | | | First interphalangeal abduction (thumb) | | | First interphalangeal adduction (thumb) | | | First interphalangeal (thumb) opposition | | | Proximal and Distal interphalangeal joint line flexion | | | Proximal and Distal interphalangeal joint line extension | | | Hip Flexion | | | Hip Extention | | | Hip Adduction | | | Hip Abduction | | | Hip Lateral Rotataion | | | Hip Medial Rotation | | | Knee flexion | | | Knee Extension | | | Knee Lateral rotation | | | Knee Medial rotation | | | Ankle Plantarflexion | | | Ankle Dorsiflexion | | | Subtalar Inversion | | | Subtalar Eversion | | | Midtarsal Inversion | | | Midtarsal Eversion | | | Toe Extension | | | Toe Flexion | | ## find notch, palpate laterally and elevate the clavicle (shoulder ### Lower Limb - Technically not a joint, controlled and maintained by muscles not ligament or joint capsule. scaplua moves around on the thorax. - Find the clavicle, and palpate laterally until you feel a slight drop off. Need to move - Ball and socket joint. Roughly inline with the armpit. Look from behind and see the crease of come laterally. Pop your hand over the joint over the shoulder and should feel the joint when down. - Patient in supine - feet over the edge of the bed, start in plantarflexion , then into dorsiflexion plantarflexion - (toes to floor and then point toes to shin and back down - Below the talus - Patient In supine and sock line over the edge of the bed. Hold tib and fib to stablise, ask to can do both at the same time. - Point toes down, eversion - then point toes out and inand - Inversion - point toes down and move in then out then in - Do good leg first and then both together. - Still stablize around tib and fib. - Get patient to find pubic symphysis and you find the ASIS and the greater trochanter. Find them to bring their knee up to their chest - is the gap in the knee, - Start on medial tibia condyle- palpate proximally feel the drop, come back and you should find coontact and palpate across . Then get patient to extend and flex and you should feel the ## Pectoral Girdle Retraction ### Lower Limb - Rhomboid Major/minor and trapezius - Pectoral Girdle Elevation - Upper Trapezius, levator Scapulae - Pectoral Girdle Medial Rotation - Rhomboid Minor/major, pectoralise Minor, levator Scapulae ## 180* - start in ext ### Lower Limb - chest up and bring the arm back and then up in a straight line above the head and back down. Any Pain? Both arms together. - Start in flexion - arm up above head, bring all the way down and then back up again - Start with arm up in flexion, bring arm down and then stablize the shoulder joint and above inner elbow and push to feel an end feel. Any Pain? - Start with arm in extension and then bring arm up to flexion, stablize the front of the shoulder and above elbow and push. - 180* - arm by side and up towards head and back down. Laterally. Keep hand flat and palms to your side and your hands should finish with your back of your hands together. - Start with hand above head,bring hand flat towards your side. Then both arms with above your head with back of hands flat together. - Start with arm by side and bring up above the head, hold behind lower upper arm and the shoulder joint. - Start with hand in a fist at 90 with patinet in supine. Bring fist towards the floor and then back towards the head and then all the way back to the floor. - start with hand in fist next to head in external roation. Bring fist all the way forward and back. Patient in supine and towards the edge of the bed. - Start in internal, bring to the back of the head, grip humeroural condyles and guide wrist and twist humorous. - Start in external and bring all the way through towards the floor, hold either side of humers on the condyles, twist the humerous and guide wrist on top. - 30-45* - start with arm across chest, kep level and straight. Then come back across the body. Don’t let the the shoulder drop. Be behind the patient. - Start behind and come through and back. Good arm, bad arm and the both arms. Be infornt of the patient - Start with arm across the body, bring all the way back, wrap arm and stablize shoulder and push back. Any Pain? - Start with arm 90 degrees my side, bring arm across the chest and hold over the shoulder joint and push on the bicep. - Assess the elbow in standing. Prone, mid-prone, and supination with flexion. Prone - start with palms facing down and lock your elbow back, bend your elbow, and try to touch the back of your hand to your bicep. Mid Prone - Start with elbow locked back and thumbs up to the ceiling. Supination - Palms up towards the ceiling and arm locked back and up towards bicep and back down. - Start with pamls facing shoulder and elbow bent, move arm all the way back but don’t let them move their shoulder. - Stablisise behind elbow, overpressure goes on the wrist. Prone - palm to floor and lock eblow, back of hand towards shoulder, apply overpressure. Mid-Prone - Thumbs towards the ceiling. Supination - palms towards the ceiling, bring hand up towards shoulder and apply overpressure - Start with hand in flexion, Palms facing towards shoulder. - Start with palms facing shoulder and elbow bent, move arm all the way back but don’t let them move their shoulder. - Stablisise behind elbow, overpressure goes on the wrist. Prone - palm to floor and lock eblow, back of hand towards shoulder, apply overpressure. Mid-Prone - Thumbs towards the ceiling. Supination - palms towards the ceiling, bring hand up towards shoulder and apply overpressure - Palms facing up - Elbow at 90 of flexion, Start with palms towards the flor, back up and back down. - Palms flat to the floor - elbow at 90 degrees, start with hands up, turn palms towards the floor and back up. - 90 degrees flexion, stabilise behind the elbow, forearm grips their forearm. Start with palms up towards the ceiling. Ask them to relax, move into pronation and feel the end feel and back up. - Start with palm facing the floor, grip forearm underneath, and back of elbow, twist up to supination apply overpressure and then back down. - Patient lying in supine, kee to 90 degrees and bring it as close ot their chets as possible. Then for full ROM we hold ankle and knee and push until you feel a soft end feel. - Patient in Prone. Legs extended, holdsacrum to stabilze hips. Then ask them to raise their leg as high as possbile, keeping their leg straight. Hold under the leg (thigh) and lift to feel springy or boney end feel. - Get patient lying face up, start leg out, then in towards the other leg, then out again. Make sure to hold the ASIS to stop the hips moving - Pateint lying face up, start with leg noramlly then out away from the body and back in. Make sure leg is kept extended and hold the ASIS to stabilize hips. - Pateint in Supine, get knee upto 90 degrees. Ask pateint to keep their knee still and move their foot towards their face. Keeping toes poited. For passive to get max ROM Hold above the knee and light on the ankle. Twist femur with firm grip and the end feel should be springy. 60-65" - Pateint in Supine, get knee upto 90 degrees. Ask pateint to keep their knee still and move their foot towards you. Keeping toes poited. For passive to get max ROM Hold above the knee and light on the ankle. Twist femur with firm grip and the end feel should be springy. (should be less movemnt than lateral) 30-35" - get patient in supine on bed, start in extension, keeping heel in contact with the plynth move your heel as close and you can towards your bum. - Get pateint in supine, start in flexion and then when leg is fully extended try to push your knee into the bed and their heel should slightly come off the bed - Get patient at the end of the bed, hold knee and back of ankle, ask to rotate foot as far as possible out and then in and then back out - Get patient at the end of the bed, hold knee and back of ankle, ask to rotate foot as far as possible inwards and then out and then back in. - Pateint in supine, feet off the bed ask to point toe sup, down and then back up. Passive - find jointline, hold above and below and press down. - Patient in supine, feet over edge of bed, Point toes down,up and back down. Passive - Cup heel, rest foot on forearm and push towards patient. - Pateint in supine and feet over edge of bed, point toes down and then turn in. passive - cup heel rest foot on forearm and turn inwards but stand on opposite side of ankle.Always pull towards you. Stablize shin. - Pateint in supine and feet over edge of bed, point toes down and then turn out. passive - cup heel rest foot on forearm and turn outwards. Always pull towards you - Pateint in supine with feet over edge on bed. Hold foot in plantarflexion, wring the foot inwards. - Pateint in supine with feet over the edge of the bed. Hold the foot in plantarflexion, wring the foot Outwards - Ankles over the bed, patient lying in supojne, ask patient to curl toe and using your tumb try to push their toe up and they resist agaisnt you. - Ankle over the bed and lying flat on the bed, support underneath and inside the foot, and apply pressure onto the big toe. Bring toes up towards their shin and we try to get the toe out of dorsiflexion. Just use a finger to push the toe down. - Patient in Prone. Legs extended, holdsacrum to stabilze hips. Then ask them to raise their leg as high as possbile, keeping their leg straight. Hold under the leg (thigh) and lift to feel springy or boney end feel. - Get patient lying face up, start leg out, then in towards the other leg, then out again. Make sure to hold the ASIS to stop the hips moving - Pateint lying face up, start with leg noramlly then out away from the body and back in. Make sure leg is kept extended and hold the ASIS to stabilize hips. - Pateint in Supine, get knee upto 90 degrees. Ask pateint to keep their knee still and move their foot towards their face. Keeping toes poited. For passive to get max ROM Hold above the knee and light on the ankle. Twist femur with firm grip and the end feel should be springy. 60-65" - Pateint in Supine, get knee upto 90 degrees. Ask pateint to keep their knee still and move their foot towards you. Keeping toes poited. For passive to get max ROM Hold above the knee and light on the ankle. Twist femur with firm grip and the end feel should be springy. (should be less movemnt than lateral) 30-35" - get patient in supine on bed, start in extension, keeping heel in contact with the plynth move your heel as close and you can towards your bum. - Get pateint in supine, start in flexion and then when leg is fully extended try to push your knee into the bed and their heel should slightly come off the bed - Get patient at the end of the bed, hold knee and back of ankle, ask to rotate foot as far as possible out and then in and then back out - Get patient at the end of the bed, hold knee and back of ankle, ask to rotate foot as far as possible inwards and then out and then back in. - Pateint in supine, feet off the bed ask to point toe sup, down and then back up. Passive - find jointline, hold above and below and press down. - Patient in supine, feet over edge of bed, Point toes down,up and back down. Passive - Cup heel, rest foot on forearm and push towards patient. - Pateint in supine and feet over edge of bed, point toes down and then turn in. passive - cup heel rest foot on forearm and turn inwards but stand on opposite side of ankle.Always pull towards you. Stablize shin. - Pateint in supine and feet over edge of bed, point toes down and then turn out. passive - cup heel rest foot on forearm and turn outwards. Always pull towards you - Pateint in supine with feet over edge on bed. Hold foot in plantarflexion, wring the foot inwards. - Pateint in supine with feet over the edge of the bed. Hold the foot in plantarflexion, wring the foot Outwards - Ankles over the bed, patient lying in supojne, ask patient to curl toe and using your tumb try to push their toe up and they resist agaisnt you. - Ankle over the bed and lying flat on the bed, support underneath and inside the foot, and apply pressure onto the big toe. Bring toes up towards their shin and we try to get the toe out of dorsiflexion. Just use a finger to push the toe down. ## Pectoral Girdle Protraction ### Lower Limb - Serratus Anterior and pectoralis Minor - Pectoral Girdle Depression - Pectoralis Minor, lower trapezius - Pectoral Girdle Lateral Rotation - Trapezius and Serratus Anterior ## Anterior Deltoid ### Lower Limb - Bicep Brachii, Coracobrachialis,pec major (ABC and P) - Posterior deltoid, triceps, latimuss dorsi, pec major, teres major (PTLPT) (Personal Trainers Love Personal Training) ## Supraspinatus ### Lower Limb - (Abducted by a Superhero) and deltoid ## Coracobrachialis ### Lower Limb - pec major, teres major, latimus dorsi (Could People Talk Less) - PIT - Posteriror Deltoid, Infraspinatus, Teres minor - SPLAT - Subscapularis, Pec major, Latimuss dorsi, Anterior deltoid, teres major - 3B, PT - Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis, Pronator Teres ## Tricep Brachii ### Lower Limb - Anoceus - Supinator, bicep brachii, brachioradialis - pronator teres,pronator quadratus, brachioradilais, - RIPPS -Rectus femoris, iliacus, PSOAS major,Pectineus, Sartorius ## Glute max ### Lower Limb - hamstrings 3x Semimembran, semitendinosus, bicep femoris - Adductor brevis, longus, magnus. Pectineus, Gracillis (3 Ducks Pecking Grass) - TFL, Glute Med/min, Glute Max - Glute Max,priformis, Obturator, Gemellus, Quadratus - TFL, Glute Med/min, Iliacus, PSOAS major - Gastrocnemius, popletius, satorius, gracilis, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, bicep femo rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medias, tensor fascia latae bicep femoris - popletius, semimembranosus, semitendinosus,gracilis, sartorius - Soleus - Plantaris - Gastrocnemius - Tibialis Posterior - FDL - FHL - Peroneus longus and Brevis - Tibialis Anterior - EDL - EHL - Peroneus Tertius (?) - Tibialis Anterior - Tibialis Posterior - Peroneus longus - Peroneus brevis - Peroneus tertius - Flexor hallucis longus, Flexor digitorum longus, brevis. Lumbricals. - Extensor Hallucis Longus - Extensor Digitorum Longus - Extensor Digitorum Brevis - Lumbricals ## onal Trainers Love Personal Training) ### Lower Limb - ## us, bicep femoris ### Lower Limb - cia latae ## Upper Limb ### Lower Limb | | | |---|---| | Muscle | Origin | | Upper Fibres Trapezius | | | Middle Fibres Trapezius | | | Lower Fibres Trapezius | | | Rhomboid Major/Minor | Spinous processes and covering ligaments of C7-T1 (minor) and T2-5 (major | | Latissimus Dorsi - Test 1 | thoracolumbar fascia to spinous processes T7-T12, all Lx and Sacral vertebrae and their ligaments, posterior part of iliac crest, lower 4 ribs and inferior angle of scapula | | Trapezius | Medial third superior nuchal line and occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes and suprapsinous lig of C7-T12 | | Serratus Anterior | Outer surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs and the intercostal fascia | | Supraspinatus - Test 1 | Medial 2/3rds supraspinous fossa and covering fascia | | Infraspinatus | Medial 2/3rds of infraspinous fossa and covering fascia | ## Medial 2/3rds subscapular fossa ### Lower Limb | | | |---|---| | Subscapularis | and covering fascia | | Teres Major | Lateral border of scapula | | Teres Minor | subscapular fossa | | Pectoralis Major - Clavicular fibres | clavicle | | Pectoralis Major - Sternal fibres | sternum | | Pectoralis Major - Both | Both | | Deltoid - Middle | outer acromion | | Deltoid - Anterior | clavicle | | Deltoid - Posterior | lower spine of scapula | | Head of Biceps (Long head) | Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula | | Long head of Triceps | nfraglenoid tubercle of scapula | | Biceps Brachii | long head – supraglenoid tubercle • Short head – apex of coracoid process of scapula | | Brachialis | distal 2/3rds anterior surface of humeruss | | Brachioradialis | Upper 2/3rds anterior supracondylar ridge of humerus | ## Long head – infraglenoid tubercle ### Lower Limb | | | |---|---| | Triceps Brachii | of scapula (and labrum) • Lateral head – posterior surface of humerus (above and lateral to spiral groove) • Medial head – posterior surface of humerus (below and medial to spiral groove) | | Pronator Teres | Common flexor origin (CFO) medial epicondyle of humerus AND pronator ridge of ulna | | Supinator | Lateral epicondyle of humerus (Common Extensor Origin [CEO]), radial collateral ligament, annular ligament, supinator crest of ulna | | Coracobrachialis | Medial epicondyle humerus (CFO), medial border olecranon, upper 2/3rds posterior border or ulna via aponeurosis | | Flexor Carpi Ulnaris | Medial epicondyle of humerus (CFO | | Flexor Carpi Radialis | Flexor Dig