Bio Short Note PDF

Unit - 1 ======== Sub-fields of Biology\ \ Biology as the study of life has many fields, branches and sub-disciplines.\ Based on the type of organisms there are 3 types: 1. Zoology 2. Botany 3. Microbiology - Herpetology: Reptiles - Ichthyology: Fish - Mammalogy: Mammals - Ornitho...

Unit - 1 ======== Sub-fields of Biology\ \ Biology as the study of life has many fields, branches and sub-disciplines.\ Based on the type of organisms there are 3 types: 1. Zoology 2. Botany 3. Microbiology - Herpetology: Reptiles - Ichthyology: Fish - Mammalogy: Mammals - Ornithology: Birds - Entomology: Insects - Agriculture - Horticulture - Forestry - Bacteriology: Bacteria - Mycology: Fungi - Phycology: Algae - Microbiology is rapidly expanding field of study **Different fields of biology based on the structure studied** - **Morphology** (Shape, Stem etc) - Study of external form and structure. - **Anatomy** (stomach, liver, heart) - Study of internal bodily structure - **Histology** (connective tissue) - Study of the details of tissue structure. - **Cytology** (Plant cell, Nerve cell etc) - Study of cell - **Cell biology** (Nucleus, Mitochondria etc) - Study of the structure, function and various aspect of cell and its components. - **Molecular Biology** (DNA, RNA) - Study of structure and function of information molecules (DNA, RNA) Branches of Biology =================== \# Physiology\ \ - Normal function of living organisms and their parts\ \ \# Embryology\ \ - The embryo, from a zygote single-celled zygote, to the formation of form and shape.\ \ \# Ecology\ \ - Interaction of organism with their environment\ \ \# Taxonomy\ \ - Identification, Nomenclature and classification of organism\ \ \# Paleontology\ \ - Origins, growth, and structure of organisms of the past.\ \ \# Evolution\ \ - The change in the characteristics of a species over period of time.\ \ \# Genetics\ \ - Heredity and variation.\ \ \# Exobiology\ \ - Origin, evolution, distribution and future of life in the universe. Biology ------- ### Pure biology \- Is the study of how life functions in nature\ - Is knowledge of basic science used to develop and explain phenomena ### Applied biology \- Refers to using what you have learned.\ - Refers to the use of existing scientific information to solve practical problems for the real-world needs ### Eg: - Biology - Physics - Chemistry etc.. ### Eg: - Agriculture - Medicine - Poultry ### Biotechnology \- Is the use of living organisms or their products for the welfare of humanity. ### Bioinformatics \- Is concerned with the acquisition, storage, analysis, and dissemination of biological data, most often DNA.\ \ \ - Uses computer programs for varieties of applications Genetic Engineering =================== -is a means of extracting selected genes from an organism or synthesizing selected genes and these genes are inserted to another organism.\ \ -a method of transferring selected genes from one organism to another to create genetically modified organism (GMO) Major discoveries that revolutionized biology ============================================= 1. Aristotle ------------ \#Developed the "Ladder of Life" Classification System. 2. Galen -------- \#Transformed medical science with contributions to Anatomy, Pathology, Physiology, and Neurology. 3. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek -------------------------- \#Pioneered microscopy and biological applications.\ \ \#Invented strong lenses that could magnify up to 500 times (Advanced microscope lens)\ \ \#Discovered bacteria and the vacuole of the cell. 4. Carl Linnaeus ---------------- \#Developed the binomial nomenclature system for naming and classifying species.\ \ \#Organized species into categories: Animals, plants, and minerals further divided into classes, orders, genera, and species. 5. Charles Darwin ----------------- \#Theory of evolution by natural selection.\ \ \#Revolutionized biology with "On the Origin of Species" 4. Biomedical Engineering (BME) =============================== Is the application of the principles and problem-solving techniques of engineering to biology and medical\ \ -focused on the advances that improve human health. Came to solve medical problems 5. Environment Management ========================= -deals with environmental observation and finding out the solution to maintain the balance of nature. 6. Forensic Science =================== -is the application of the knowledge of biological science to criminal and civil laws. Gregor Mendel ============= \#Discovered the fundamental laws of genetic inheritance using Pea Plants.\ \ \#coined the terms \'dominant\' and \'recessive\' genes Louis Pasteur ============= \#Regarded as the father of medical microbiology.\ \ \#Pioneered molecular asymmetry research and demonstrated that bacteria cause fermentation and disease.\ \ \#Introduced Pasteurization, saving France\'s beer, wine and silk industries.\ \ \#Developed Vaccines for anthrax and rabies. Robert Koch =========== \#Pioneered microbiology and bacteriology.\ \ \#Pioneered as the father of bacteriology.\ \ \#Identified the causal agents of TB, cholera and anthrax Jane Goodall ============ \#Transformed wildlife and conservation knowledge through studies of Chimpanzees. Barbara McClintock ================== \#Analyzed maize to develop a technique for examining chromosomes individually. James Watson and Francis Crick ============================== \#Discovered the double helix structure of DNA.\ \ \#Explained how DNA replicates and codes hereditary information. Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell ============================= \#Cloned the first mammal from an adult surrogate mother - \'Dolly the Sheep\'.\ \ The contributions of biological discoveries to society and the environment The Microscope ============== \#Medical field\ \ \#Ecosystem safety\ \ \#Forensic science\ \ \#Atomic study\ \ \#Genetic study\ \ \#Tissue analysis Discoveries in Medicine ======================= Inheritance =========== Ethiopian Biologists and Their Contributions ============================================ **1. Professor Yalontsehy Mekomen:** - One of her research areas is the assessment of the impact of chemical pesticide hazards on humans from agriculture and horticulture fields. - She has done research on medical plants, especially on *Moringa stenopetala (Csjiferaw).* **2. Dr. Aklilu Lemma:** - Worked on the concern of *Schistosomiasis* parasitic disease caused by *Bithariz* snail or fresh water snail. - Observed the use of the soapberry *\"Endod\"* that killed snails, which are the vector of the parasite. **3. Professor Gebissa Weta:** - He specialized in plant breeding and Genetics, and did his research on Sorghum. - He also developed other varieties resistant to the parasitic weed *Striga* that destroys large amounts of crops. Plants ====== Characteristics of Plants\ \ Plant : the world includes\ Organisms that share common\ Characteristics with other\ Organisms\ \ Such as: Reproduction - Growth - Adaptation - In Response to Stimulus - Homeostasis \#Plants are Eukaryotic\ \ means they have membrane\ bound nuclei and other of\ Cellulose.\ \ \#They have rigid cell wall made\ of Cellulose\ \# Are Autotrophus\ \#Are Sessile (can\'t move by\ themselves)\ \#Reproduce by asexual and\ Sexual methods.\ \ Asexual method - Mosse - Liverworts Sexual method - Gymnosporas - Aglas perm Flowering ========= Plants ====== Vascular buadle - transporting vessels - transport water movements Non-Vascular - Plants without conducting - Vessels Vascular ======== \# Gymnosperms - are Vascular - are non-flowering - have reproductive organs - Called Cone (naked seed - or without cover) - Eg I- Pine, Tid, Ellergreen Tree.\ \ \#Angiosperms - Are flower and produce - seeds within a fruit - are vascular Eg I Moncotes - Dicotes \#Non-Seed bearing\ \ EG Ferns.\ \ Noa-vascular - MosseS - Liver Worts Seed bearing - Guanosporas - Angiospera Structure and function of plants parts ====================================== External and internal parts of angiosperms. I. External structure --------------------- ### Shoot system Found above the ground - Leaves - Stem - Branches - Buds - Flowers - Fruits ### Root system II. External structure of a typical leaf ---------------------------------------- - Petiole/Leaf stalk - Lamina - Mid rib - Margin - Apex III. Root system ---------------- Found in the ground\ \ It includes - Primary or tap root - Lateral or branch root - Root hair or root cap ### There are two types of root system 1. ### Tap root 2. ### Fibrous root 3. ### Tap root 4. 5. Consists of one large, primary vertical root. 6. 7. Has very few lateral roots that develop and grow from this main root. 8. 9. Provides stability, anchorage and used for water absorption. 10. 11. Is the feature of dicot plant. 12. 13. Eg: Bean, Pea 14. 15. ### Fibrous root 16. 17. Is usually formed by thin moderately branching roots growing from stems. 18. 19. Is very efficient for the absorption of water and materials. 20. 21. It forms a network of roots to hold soil and protect from soil erosion. 22. 23. Is the feature of monocot plant. 24. 25. Eg: Maize, wheat, grass. 26. IV. Internal structure ---------------------- ### The internal structure of a leaf. 1. ### Outer layer 2. 3. Known as the epidermis. A single layer of tightly packed cells that cover the upper and lower surface of the leaf. 4. 5. Covered by waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Lower epidermis usually ======================= Contains bean-shaped guard cells that leave open spaces known as stomata.\ \ Stomata regulate the exchange of O~2~, CO~2~ and loss of H~2~O.\ \ Stomata are more abundant in the lower epidermis. Middle layer ------------ Known as the Mesophyll\ \ Lies between the upper and lower epidermis\ \ Involves in photosynthesis.\ \ There are two regions in the mesophyll layer ### I. Palisade layer Is composed of regularly arranged and closely packed columnar (vertically elongated) cells.\ \ Has largest number of chloroplasts per cell.\ \ Is in the best position to capture most of the sunlight and this enables it to carry out most of the photosynthesis. ### II Spongy layer Are irregularly shaped with fewer chloroplasts.\ \ Numerous air spaces to allow the diffusion of O~2~, CO~2~, and water vapor.\ \ Lies below the Palisade layer.