Unit IV Genetics & Molecular Biology Exam

UNIT IV Genetics Molecular Biology  Unit 4 Biological Principles Core Concepts The features/characteristics of the organism are dictated primarily by the genes inherited from the parents. Mendel worked out the basic concepts of inheritance patterns. Complex interaction...

UNIT IV Genetics Molecular Biology  Unit 4 Biological Principles Core Concepts The features/characteristics of the organism are dictated primarily by the genes inherited from the parents. Mendel worked out the basic concepts of inheritance patterns. Complex interactions can occur among genes. The genome of the organism is represented in each cell. Complex interactions among cells in tissues determine which genes are active and where during development. That is, cells that form bone have genes for bone development activated. Whereas cells in muscle tissue also possess bone-developing genes, but these genes are not activated. This molecular genetics process allows for organisms to develop those features particular to species. The key to gene function is the information/instructions to produce proteins. The genes located along the DNA must first be copied by messenger RNA, which is translated outside the nucleus by ribosomes that produce the appropriate protein. Mutations occur randomly and are valuable sources of variation to help create the diversity of life. XIII. Foundation of Genetics A. “Blending Inheritance” theory B. Gregor Mendel 1. Crosses with Pea Plant C. Mendel’s 1st Law: “Segregation of Alternate Factors” 1. Factors = genes; separated during gametogenesis 2. Allele, Genotype, Phenotype 3. Dominant trait (Capital) 4. Recessive trait (Lowercase) 5. Homozygous 6. Heterozygous XIII. Foundation of Genetics C. Mendel’s 1st Law: “Segregation of Alternate Factors” 7. Probability & Gametes XIII. Foundation of Genetics C. Mendel’s 1st Law: “Segregation of Alternate Factors” 8. Single-trait cross & Punnetts Squares XIII. Foundation of Genetics D. Mendel’s 2nd Law: “Independent Assortment” 1. Two-trait cross 2. 9:3:3:1 3. 1:1:1:1:2:2:2:2:4 XIII. Foundation of Genetics E. Test Crosses 1. Determine genotypes 2. Cross “?” individual with a “homozygous recessive” XIII. Foundation of Genetics F. Mendel & Linked vs Unlinked Genes 1. Locus G. Linkage Groups & Genetic Maps 1. Recombination mapping 2. Cytological mapping XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes 1. Genes & Meiosis a. Independent Assortment b. Linkage Groups & Crosses XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes 2. Sex Determination a. Autosomes vs Sex Chromosomes i. SRY gene b. Variations on a theme i. N/2N ii. Temperature-induced XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes 2. Sex Determination c. Nondisjunction of Sex Chromosomes i. Aneuploidy ii. Polyploidy (not just for sex) XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes 3. Sex Change c. Sequential Hermaphrodite - Protogyny - Protandry d. Simultaneous Hermaphrodite XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes 2. Sex Determination c. Sex linkage i. X-linkage - Hemizygous - Color Blindness - Hemophilia - Muscular Dystrophy - Barr Bodies d. Sex-influenced traits - Baldness e. Sex-limited traits - Beard development - Breast & Milk development XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes 3. Misc. Inheritance Patterns a. Blood groups i. Multiple Alleles ii. Codominance iii. Paternity cases XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes Blood Alleles 3. Misc. Inheritance Genotype Type Produced Patterns RR R b. Rh Factor Rh positive Rr R or r Rh negative rr r XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes 3. Misc. Inheritance Patterns c. Incomplete Dominance XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes 3. Misc. Inheritance Patterns d. Polygenic Inheritance XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes 3. Misc. Inheritance Patterns e. Epistasis XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes 3. Misc. Inheritance Patterns f. Pleiotropy XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes 3. Misc. Inheritance Patterns g. Environmental effects a. Siamese Cat b. Himalayan Rabbit c. Flower color XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes 3. Misc. Inheritance Patterns h. Pedigree analysis XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes 3. Misc. Inheritance Patterns GENE ACTIONS ********************************* Parental Dominance Phenotypes Parental Incomplete Dominance Genotypes Codominance Pleiotropy Multiple Alleles Paired gene (factor) alleles are segregated & Monogenic vs Polygenic independently sorted Inheritance during Meiosis producing gametes that combine to Epistasis form offspring Sex Determination Linked vs Unlinked Genes Sex-linked Traits Progeny Autosomal Linkage Genotypes Progeny Sex-influenced Traits Phenotypes Sex-limited Traits Environmental Interactions XIII. Foundation of Genetics H. Genes & Chromosomes 4. Chromosomal Mutations XIV. Mendelian Genetics vs Molecular Biology A. Mendel → Gene function Meischer → Gene structure 1. 1869 isolated pus nuclei → Nuclein → 20 y later isolated → Nucleic Acid a. Deoxyribo“nucleic acid” = DNA b. Ribo“nucleic acid” = RNA B. Chargaff’s Rule: amount of A = T; G = C C. Watson, Crick, Franklin & Wilkins → DNA structure 1. 5’ end vs 3’ end XIII. Mendelian Genetics vs Molecular Biology D. Central Dogma 1. Replication 2. Transcription 3. Translation * Retroviruses & Bacteriophages * Reverse Transcriptase Reverse Transcription XIII. Mendelian Genetics vs Molecular Biology D. Central Dogma 5. DNA Synthesis & Replication a. Helicase b. DNA polymerase c. Okazaki fragments d. Ligase XIII. Mendelian Genetics vs Molecular Biology D. Central Dogma 6. DNA Replication in Bacteria XIII. Mendelian Genetics vs Molecular Biology D. Central Dogma 7. Transcription: RNA synthesis a. “DNA serves as template for RNA” - RNA differs from DNA: ribose, uracil replaces thymine, single strand, short, and less stable - RNA polymerase - Transcription unit - Simultaneous transcription XIII. Mendelian Genetics vs Molecular Biology D. Central Dogma 7. Transcription: RNA synthesis b. Messenger RNA = mRNA - pre-mRNA vs mature-mRNA - RNA processing (splicing): Introns & Exons - Spliceosomes - Alternative RNA splcing XIII. Mendelian Genetics vs Molecular Biology D. Central Dogma 7. Transcription: RNA synthesis i. RNA is determined by DNA ii. Protein is determined by RNA iii. Genetic Code “Nearly Universal” Codons - Amino acids - Start - Stop - Synonymous XIII. Mendelian Genetics vs Molecular Biology D. Central Dogma 7. Transcription: RNA synthesis d. Ribosomal RNA = rRNA; Ribosomes e. Transfer RNA = tRNA i. Anticodons vs Codons XIII. Mendelian Genetics vs Molecular Biology D. Central Dogma 8. Translation & Protein Synthesis a. Initiation b. Elongation c. Termination Unit IV Exam Be on time Bring #2 pencil Bring Photo ID Memorize your Z# BE PREPARED