Biomes and Forestry PDF

Biomes: Written by Elyjuh Glitter Sparkles Activity: Identify the type of biome shown in the picture. 6. Freshwater 1. Rainforest Introduction to Biomes...

Biomes: Written by Elyjuh Glitter Sparkles Activity: Identify the type of biome shown in the picture. 6. Freshwater 1. Rainforest Introduction to Biomes - Different parts of the world located in different latitudes receive different amounts of sunlight which means there will be differences in terms of temperature, - The different parts of the world have different climatic conditions depending on their locations relative to the equator. - Places near the equator experience warmer climates while those farther from it tend to have colder climates. (those from the northern and southern hemispheres). 2. Coral Reefs Biomes - Is a level of ecological organization that is distinguished by the average annual temperatures and the amount of the annual precipitation that they receive. - These two will determine the soil type (if it is fertile) and also will describe the climatic condition. - Average annual temperature: for a whole year, what is the average temperature of this type of biome? Is this hot or cold? 3. Savannah - Average annual precipitation: are rainfalls frequent or seldom in this type of biome? 4. Tundra - The average temperature and amount of precipitation distinguish the different biomes from one another, - The warmest and the most wet biomes are the tropical rainforests while the driest and coldest biomes are the tundra. 5. Grassland The illustration below shows the global distribution of ➔ Dominant Plants: cacti and other succulents, major terrestrial biomes. What have you observed? creosote bush, and other plants with short growth cycles. ➔ Dominant Wildlife: mountain lions, gray foxes, bobcats, mule deer, kangaroo rats, bats, birds, camels, snakes, scorpions. ➔ Cacti conserve water to stay alive in harsh conditions. ➔ Creosote bush has a small pointed green leaf with a waxy coating. These leaves have adapted to conserve water and survive high temperatures. ➔ Several plants in hot deserts have adapted by Different Terrestrial Biomes growing long roots that reach the water table underground or other plants conserve water. ➔ Plants in cold deserts grow close to the ground and close together (ground-hugging, plants that grow close to the ground) which helps resist the effects of cold weather and to reduce damage caused by snow and ice particles driven by the cold wind. ➔ Animals in desert biomes have adapted ways to help either keep them cool or use less water. 1. Desert An example of a hot desert animal would be Camels, which can go for days without food and water. ➔ Other animals have adaptations to keep them warm and survive in cold temperatures. An example of a cold desert animal would be the Polar bears, which have thick layers of fat and fur for insulation against the cold and the white appearance which is helpful for camouflage. 2. Tropical Rainforest ➔ Covers more than one-fifth of the Earth’s land and they are found on every continent. ➔ One misconception about this biome is that it is a wasteland, but it is not since there are many animals and plants that have adapted to the harsh conditions of it. ➔ One-sixth of the Earth’s population lives in desert regions. ➔ One may think that the largest desert on Earth is the Sahara, but in reality, it is Antarctica. ➔ Largest Desert: Antarctica ➔ Found in equatorial regions. ➔ Largest Hot Desert: Sahara ➔ This biome is known for rainfall and warm ➔ A desert is not always hot and is classified into temperatures year-round. two: ➔ Heat will not be felt due to the moisture in this ➔ Hot Desert: What we typically think of when we biome. hear the word desert. ➔ Because of these conditions, they are the most ➔ Cold Desert: This type of desert where the biodiverse region in the planet. temperature or the condition is cold, but the ➔ The Philippines is home to one of the most annual precipitation is low. (Example: Arctic species-rich tropical rainforests in the world. Polar Desert and Gobi Desert in Asia) ➔ The vegetation is dense that little light reaches ➔ Differences between Tundra and Cold Desert: the floor. Though both are cold, tundra is much colder ➔ Largest rainforest: Amazon Rainforest than cold desert. Tundras are only found at high ➔ Average Temperature: 20 degrees Celsius to latitudes or in the northernmost hemisphere, 34 degrees Celsius while cold deserts are scattered across the ➔ Average Annual Precipitation: 125 to 660 cm, globe. varies greatly during wet and dry seasons. ➔ Average Temperature: -18 degrees Celsius ➔ Dominant Plants: broad-leaved evergreen (Cold Desert) to 49 degrees Celsius (Hot trees (leaves that never change color, unlike Desert) on the type of desert. maple trees), large woody vines, climbing ➔ Average Annual Precipitation: 2 to 25 cm of plants, and orchids. rain ➔ Dominant Wildlife: more than 50% of all the Earth’s terrestrial animal species are found in  the tropical rainforest. Representative of just ➔ Dominant Plants: evergreen coniferous trees above every major animal group. such as pines, firs, spruce, etc. (cone-bearing ➔ Some rainforest plants live on the branches of trees). other plants or trees or even strangle large ➔ Dominant Wildlife: deer, wolf, bear, foxes, trees to fight for survival. We call this many migratory birds, squirrels, rabbits. Epiphytes. ➔ Coniferous trees keep their leaves throughout ➔ Orchids are epiphytes which are plants that the winter and have needle-like leaves which is grow on trees or other plants but are not well suited for the harsh temperatures of the parasites. It does not take nutrients from the taiga. tree itself but relies on the nutrients from the air ➔ The ground freezes during the winter months and falling rain. and the plant roots are unable to get water. ➔ Tropical soils are deep, but they are strongly ➔ The narrow needle-like structures found on the leached with large amounts of nutrients and leaves of the coniferous trees limit the water minerals removed, This leaching causes the soil loss in the transpiration process. to lack many of the fundamental nutrients ➔ Species diversity is less because of the harsh needed by the above-ground vegetation (The conditions in this biome. eluviation layer is found in this biome, which causes the soil to be infertile or lack of nutrients 4. Temperate Forest in the tropical rainforest). ➔ Tropical rainforest relies on the very thin topsoil where organic materials and humus are located and made up of decaying plants and animal remains to keep the vegetation. ➔ The canopy is the thickest layer of the rainforest where majority of the organisms live in the trees. ➔ The tallest trees in the rainforest stand at the emergent layer. ➔ Found in the mid-latitude regions and is called also as deciduous forest. 3. Taiga ➔ It is the most common type of forest in the eastern half of the US, Canada, Europe, parts of Russia, China, and Japan. ➔ They are characterized by their four seasons and deciduous trees that shed their leaves before winter comes. ➔ Average Temperature: -30 degrees Celsius (during winter) to 30 degrees Celsius (during summer). ➔ Average Annual Precipitation: 75 to 150 cm of rain ➔ Also known as the Boreal Forest (which ➔ Dominant Plants: Broadleaf deciduous trees, means, “of the North” forests lies in the some conifers, flowering shrubs, herbs, Northern 50 degrees to 60 degrees latitude, mosses, and ferns. and are found in Russia, Canada, Northern ➔ Dominant Wildlife: deer, black bears, bobcats, Europe, and Alaska). nut & acorn feeders, such as squirrels and ➔ It is also called Coniferous Forest. mice, omnivores such as raccoons and skunks, ➔ Taiga is located below the tundra songbirds, and turkeys. ➔ The trees here never shed, and their leaves are ➔ The soils in the temperate forests are very green year-round (evergreen). fertile, and as a result, you will find broadleaf ➔ These trees are cone-bearing and very trees. resistant to cold because of this biome’s long ➔ Have cool winters and warm summers. and cold winters. It is the reason why it is also called as the Coniferous forests. Since deciduous trees tend to lose their leave and ➔ Trees in this biome are non-broad and remain leafless in the winter, little photosynthesis cone-bearing. occurs during the dormant winter period. Most animals ➔ It experiences short wet summers and long cold either migrate or hibernate throughout the season. winters, and it gets adequate rainfall during When winter comes in a temperate forest, species summer and plenty of rainfall during the winter. have two ways to survive without consuming the leaves ➔ During wet summer, they will experience of the trees: precipitation or rainfall. ➔ Migration -species will move to another place ➔ Average Temperature: -30 degrees Celsius for resources (during the short, wet summer) to 20 degrees ➔ Hibernation - species will sleep throughout the Celsius entire winter. ➔ Average Annual Precipitation: 40 to 100 cm, often in the form of snow.  5. Temperate Grassland ➔ Savannas receive much less precipitation than forests. Thus, trees don’t grow as much as in forest biomes. ➔ It is a type of biome with large stretches of grasslands mix with trees and shrubs. ➔ It is a mix between a tropical forest and a temperate grassland. ➔ Low-lying shrubs and herbs dominate the landscape, allowing predators to run after their prey at very high speeds. ➔ This biome consists of large area of mainly grass. Trees and large shrubs are almost ➔ Savannas have warm temperatures year-round absent in this biome. and there are two very different seasons in a ➔ It can be found in South Africa, Hungary, savanna: Argentina, Uruguay, Russia, and the plains of 1. A very long dry season in the winter Central North America. 2. A very wet season in the summer ➔ It can be located in mid-latitude areas of the Earth. ➔ The largest area of Savanna is found in Africa, ➔ Temperature varies greatly in grasslands South America, Australia, and India. throughout the year with hot summers and cold ➔ Average Temperature: 24 degrees Celsius to winters. 29 degrees Celsius ➔ Rainfall is moderate and the amount of annual ➔ Average Annual Precipitation: 50 to 130 cm rainfall influences the height of grass. ➔ Dominant Plants: grasses and herbaceous ➔ Grasslands have seasonal droughts and flowering plants with few scattered trees. occasional fires. ➔ Dominant Wildlife: grazing animals like ➔ The soil of a temperate grassland is deep, antelope, wildebeest, gazelle, impala, and dark, and very fertile which is due to the growth fast-moving predators like cheetah, hyena, lion, and decay of the grass roots. and tiger. ➔ The same as the temperate grassland, There are no trees in this type of biome: savannas have occasional fires which limit the - The seasonal drought, occasional rains, growth or appearance of trees. occasional fires, and grazing by large ➔ Plants have evolved well-developed root mammals prevent woody shrubs and trees systems that allow them to quickly re-sprout from invading and becoming established. after a fire. ➔ Plants also have deep roots to reach the water ➔ Average Temperature: -20 degrees Celsius to table, thick bark to resist fires trunks that can 30 degrees Celsius store water, and even leaves that can drop ➔ Average Annual Precipitation: 50 to 95 cm during the winter to conserve water. ➔ Dominant Plants: grasses (long and short), sunflowers, and wildflowers during rainy 7. Tundra seasons. ➔ Dominant Wildlife: gazelles, zebras, rhinos, wild horses, lions, prairie dogs, hawks, owls, snakes, and some insects. ➔ Grasslands can be further classified into two: 1. Prairies - grasslands with tall grasses. 2. Steppes - grasslands with short grasses. Steppes also receive less rainfall than prairies. ➔ Grasslands go by name: 1. Midwest of US - Prairies ➔ The coldest of all the biomes. 2. South America - Pampas ➔ The tundra lies in the northernmost latitudes, in 3. Central Eurasia - Steppes the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. 4. Africa - Savannas ➔ They are also found in the higher altitudes above the tree line on mountains. 6. Savannas ➔ They are located in areas where sunlight is dim which is why this biome is very cold. ➔ The Tundra is found in North America, Asia, and Europe and circles the Arctic Ocean and stretches southward down to the Taiga. ➔ There are two types of Tundra: 1. Arctic Tundra - has a frozen soil called permafrost and has a frozen top layer almost all year. The ground may or may not be covered with snow. This is also located in a low-elevation area.  2. Alpine Tundra - is a type of natural region or biome that does not contain trees because it is at a high elevation. It does not have permafrost but has snow-covered ground. ➔ Average Temperature: -40 degrees Celsius to 12 degrees Celsius. ➔ Average Annual Precipitation: 15 to 25 cm ➔ Dominant Plants: ground-hugging plants such as mosses, lichens, and sedges. ➔ Dominant Wildlife: a few resident birds, mammals that can withstand harsh conditions, 2. Nekton - stronger swimming species that are migratory waterfowl, musk ox, Arctic foxes, capable of swimming between current systems. caribou, lemmings, and other small rodents. Examples are fishes, squids, and whales. Aquatic Biomes ➔ Makes up the largest part of the biosphere. ➔ It has high diversity. ➔ There are two main types of aquatic biomes: 3. Benthos - attached organisms or resting on 1. Freshwater Biome bottom mostly filter feeders. Examples are 2. Marine Biome starfishes, seaweeds, barnacles, lobsters, and sea anemones. 3 Main Ecological Groups 1. Plankton - organisms incapable of swimming or organisms that drift with tides and currents. Two types of Planktons: 1. Phytoplanktons - These are photosynthetic plants (algae and cyanobacteria). Planktons - getting drifted by the waves Nektons - are mobile and are good swimmers Benthos - resting at the ocean floor or attaching themselves on other organisms. 2. Zooplanktons - These are animal planktons (Protozoa, larvae, and jellyfish). Freshwater Classification of Lake: 1. Eutrophic lake: ➔ High levels of organic matter. ➔ Abundant plant growth. ➔ Poor clarity ➔ Stratified with oxygen-poor bottoms. 2. Oligotrophic lake: ➔ Low levels of organic matter and nutrients. ➔ Tend to be deep and clear. ➔ Oxygen rich bottom. 3. Mesotrophic lake: Several types of freshwater biomes: ➔ Moderate nutrients added to the water. ➔ Humans draw water from freshwater biomes for ➔ Midrange levels of dissolved oxygen various purposes: drinking, irrigation, sanitation, with submerged aquatic plants. and industry. ➔ Plants and animals in this biome have adapted to the low salt content & freshwater and are unable to survive in areas of high salt concentration. Two distinct categories of Freshwater biome 1. LOTIC SYSTEM ➔ Running water ➔ Flowing ➔ Includes streams and rivers 2. LENTIC SYSTEM 4 Different Zone Lentic system ➔ Calm water 1. LITTORAL ZONE: ➔ Standing water ➔ Shoreline, shallow water region with light penetrating up to bottom with Rivers and Streams rooted plants. ➔ The water in rivers and streams flows in one direction beginning at the source called 2. LIMNETIC ZONE: Headwater and travels to the mouth where the ➔ Open water zone to depth of effective flowing water empties into a larger body of light penetration. water. ➔ The slope of the landscape determines the 3. PROFUNDAL direction and speed of the water flow. ➔ Bottom and deep water area beyond ➔ Slope in steep, water flows quickly and when effective light penetration (absent in not that steep, the water flows slowly. ponds). ➔ Animals that are found in or around the river include fishes, crabs, snakes, beavers, 4. BENTHIC ZONE: crocodiles, snails, insects, and otters. ➔ Floor of the lake is composed of accumulated sunken organic matter. Two main zones of Lotic System 1. RAPIDS: areas where the water is fast enough Wetlands: to keep the bottom clear of materials. ➔ Areas such as marshes, swamps, and 2. POOLS: deeper areas of water where the bogs that are saturated with water and current are slower and sand and silt builds up. support aquatic plants. ➔ Plant species that grow in the moist conditions of wetland include pond lilies, cattails, and willows. ➔ Freshwater helps in preventing flooding as it absorbs excess water when it gets too high. ➔ Animals that can be found here include amphibians, reptiles and birds. Lakes and Ponds: Types of Wetlands: - Are inland bodies of standing bodies. 1. MARSHES - Can be as small as a few square meters or as ➔ Dominated by herbaceous plants such large as a thousand square meters. as grasses, rushes, or sedges. - Some ponds might be filled with water for only a ➔ Provide habitat broad diversity of few weeks or months each year whereas some aquatic invertebrates, many of which lakes have existed for hundreds of years.  occupy and feed on decomposing ➔ Many organisms live in this zone vegetation. because of having rich oxygen in this zone. 2. SWAMPS: ➔ Forested wetlands characterized by 3. The Oceanic Zone: specific types of trees and soil. ➔ Open ocean out past the continental ➔ Like marshes, they are often found near shelf. rivers or lakes and have mineral soil that ➔ The water may be very deep. drains very slowly. ➔ Nutrients may be scarce as we go down. ➔ Java water for the whole year or only part of the year. 4. The Photic Zone ➔ The top 200 meters of water that 3. BOGS: sunlight can reach. ➔ Are acidic, low oxygen wetlands. ➔ Has enough sunlight for photosynthesis ➔ Has a spongy ground consisting mainly that's why there are more living things of partially decayed matter called peat. here than in the aphotic zone. ➔ Develop in poorly draining lake basins created by glaciers during the most 5. The Aphotic zone: recent ice age. ➔ The water below 200 meters that is the sunlight cannot reach. 4. ESTUARIES: ➔ There isn't enough sunlight here for ➔ Freshwater streams or rivers merge with photosynthesis. the ocean. ➔ Living things must eat whatever drifts ➔ Microflora like algae and macroflora down from above or reach others. such as seaweeds, marsh grasses and ➔ There are fewer living things here than mangrove trees (only in the tropics), can near the surface. be found here. 6. The Benthic zone: ➔ Ocean floor is made of sand , silt, and MARINE BIOME the bodies of dead organisms. ➔ Largest biome of them all. ➔ Drops as you move away from the ➔ Oceans are found in all the latitudes throughout continents. the world, the kinds of organisms that live on ➔ Fewer living things on the ocean floor them variety greatly. where the water is very deep. ➔ Water here has a much higher salt ➔ It is home to sponges, sea anemones, concentration than in freshwater biomes. sea stars, and marine worms. ➔ Comes from the accumulation of the decayed ➔ All the unused nutrients from the upper biological matter and minerals. portions of the oceans dall to this zone ➔ Characteristics of the marine biome depend on making this nutrient rich zone. its zones, classified according to how much light reaches that part of the ocean. 7. The Pelagic Zone: ➔ Middle zones are not the coast or the OCEAN ZONES: seafloor called open zones. 1. The Intertidal Zone: ➔ It is divided into five vertical layers. ➔ Closest to the shore. ➔ Species decreases as you go down ➔ At high tide, its covered with water and these layers. at low tide its exposed to air. ➔ Living things must adapt to changing 7.1. Epipelagic Zone: conditions and moving water on this ➔ Known as the sunlight zone. shore. ➔ Epi means upon. ➔ Some animals like crustaceans have ➔ It is measured from the surface down to thick shells to protect from the pounding 200m. waves. ➔ There is about 90% of all the marine life Spray zone (Usually dry) that exists in this layer. High tide zone (Wet during high tide) 7. 2. Mesopelagic Zone Middle tide zone (Wet & dry) ➔ Known as the twilight zone. Low tide zone (Usually wet) ➔ Meso means middle. ➔ Extends to 200m down to 1,000m. 2. The Neritic Zone ➔ Animals have adopted large eyes ➔ Lies over the continental shelf. focused upward since only 1% of light ➔ Water is not very deep. enters this zone. ➔ There are plenty of nutrients and ➔ Species have lighter bellies and darker sunlight so marine producers abound in tops for camouflage. this area. ➔ Predators looking up fro below might not see them.  ➔ Predators looking down from above ➔ Forest that replaces an old growth might not also see them. forest that is disturbed or cleared due to ➔ This is called “countershading”. human activities and natural forces. 7.3. Bathypelagic Zone: RAINFOREST ➔ known as the midnight zone. ➔ Biomes found in the warm and humid equatorial ➔ Bathy means deep regions. ➔ Extends from 1,000m down to 4,000m. ➔ Boast the greatest biodiversity among all ➔ It is dark at night with no sunlight in this biomes because of their lush vegetation and zone. constant climatic patterns. ➔ The Amazon river in Brazil and the Philippines are examples of tropical rainforest. Tropical rainforests are divided into 5 different layers, differences are due in humidity, types of organism, and amount of the sunlight that plants receive. 1. EMERGENT LAYER ➔ Tower over the forest canopy up to 60m above the forest floor. ➔ Scattered tall trees that can withstand heavy 7.4. Abyssopelagic Zone: guts and harsh sunlight. ➔ Known as abyssal zone. ➔ Trees that can grow to these heights often have ➔ Abyss means bottomless. small, waxy leaves to help them retain water in ➔ Extends from 4,000m to 6,000m down. this sunlit layer. ➔ Has a freezing temperature and very ➔ Lightweight seeds can be carried by strong high pressure. winds to help them propagate. ➔ Species here are few which include ➔ Animals are winged creatures, some of them some octopus , squid, and blobfish. are top predators, like white tailed hawks and ➔ Some deep sea creatures have adapted the Philippine eagle. to be bioluminescent. ➔ Others have adopted by becoming 2. CANOPY LAYER transparent and without eyes. ➔ Rainforest canopies can shoot up to 30-35 m. ➔ Includes hydrothermal vents that pump ➔ Leaves block most of the sunlight, wind and out chemicals from underneath earth’s rain thus creating a dark and humid surface. environment layer. ➔ Producers in this area use ➔ Animals thrive because of the abundance of chemosynthesis in the absence of light food from the thick vegetation. to make their own food. ➔ Plants pollinate by relying on animals that spread their seeds as these consumers gobble 7.5. Hadopelagic Zone: up their fruits. ➔ Known as hadal zone (trenches). ➔ Named after Hades, ruler of the 3. UNDERSTORY LAYER underworld in Greek mythology. ➔ Shorter trees and branches at varying heights. ➔ Extends from 6,000m down to 11,000m. ➔ Most plants like Heliconia and orchids are large, ➔ Includes the deepest point in Mariana’s bright flowers to attract pollinators. Trench. ➔ Very little light comes through. ➔ Several species serve as a stairway to the LESSON 3: FORESTRY resource-rich canopies above. ➔ Different bodies of water cover 70% of the 4. UNDERGROWTH LAYER earth's surface and 31% occupied by forest. ➔ Shrub layer ➔ The world's forests are classified according to ➔ Contains young tree saplings and some climate conditions, seasonality, geographic shrubby species. location, and their leafing. ➔ Canopy is undisturbed, there is very little ➔ Natural forests are classified into major types, undergrowth because of very little light. based on their age and structure. ➔ Populated by short palms and philodendrons that have large and wide leaves to capture the 2 TYPES OF NATURAL FOREST little light that reaches this part of the rainforest. 1. Old-growth Forest ➔ not been disturbed by natural and 5. FOREST FLOOR human activities for more than 200 ➔ Dampest and darkest part of the forest. Many years. plants don't grow here. ➔ Decomposers are abundant, snails, scorpions, 2. Second growth forest worms, fungi, and even other microorganisms populate the forest floor, breaking down organic  matter like leaves & branches into nutrients 2. Crown fires which are reabsorbed by the plants. ➔ a destructive fire that may cause ➔ Smaller predators like wild pigs and anteaters extreme damage to forest hunt for these decomposers on the forest floor. ecosystems and in species living ➔ Large predators like leopards and tigers use the there. Usually occurs in the darkest to hunt their prey. forest that does not experience ➔ Some tropical rainforests are home to rivers surface fires. that create unique freshwater habitats. INTRODUCTION OF INVASIVE SPECIES MAN-MADE FOREST ➔ Invasive (non-native) are brought to an ➔ It includes a tree plantation managed forest with environment where it’s not native and causes few species of trees on it. disruption and harm. ➔ Tree farms are established for commercial use ➔ Some species are introduced to other such as in the production of paper. environments because they consider it beneficial. POSITIVE: ➔ Source of income for wood production. RISING TEMPERATURE ➔ Alternative source of tree pulp which is used in ➔ Most major threat that can harm forests. paper making. ➔ Climate change may cause drought, making ➔ Helps protect old growth and second growth some plants and trees dry at some point. forests, and provides raw materials that natural Creates a suitable area for destructive insects forests have. that can multiply rapidly and destroy more trees. NEGATIVE: DEFORESTATION ➔ Has less biological diversity. ➔ Removal of forest area for other use which ➔ Less sustainable than old growth and second includes mining, agricultural land and growth forests. urbanization. ➔ Don't provide enough habitat for terrestrial species and have limited ecosystem services. DIFFERENT WAYS OF CUTTING TREES 1. Selective cutting ➔ harvesting trees of certain size, type, and age are removed individually or by cluster. 2. Clear cutting ➔ Logging or removal of all trees (excluding the small ones) in an area. CAUSES OF TROPICAL DEFORESTATION ➔ Might cause harm to an ecosystem when replanted trees don't grow Underlying cause: successfully. - Pressure from population growth 3. Strip cutting ➔ Involves logging of trees along the land Direct cause: to provide enough narrow space for Amazon and southern american countries natural forest regeneration. - People clear forests for grazing and soybean Threats to forest ecosystem plantations. FOREST FIRE- can be a natural cause or - Make way for pasture land for cattle mostly human cause. used for beef production. Lightning can be a reason for natural causes Africa and clearing out forest for crops and grazing - Clear forest for small-scale farming and are just a few of the reasons for human causes harvesting of wood for fuel production. of fire. MANAGING & SUSTAINING FORESTS 1. Surface Fires - Emphasize the economic value of their ➔ kills only small trees and ecological services. seedlings. It is not destructive - Remove government subsidies that hasten and sometimes it provides forest destruction ecological benefits such as: - Protect and stop logging in old-growth forests. ➔ Burning flammable underground - Use strip cutting rather than clear-cutting. material to prevent huge and - Harvest trees not faster than the way they destructive forest fires. replenish. ➔ Kills destructive insects - Plants trees on deforested and degraded forest ➔ Stimulates germination of some areas. tree seeds. - Careful when cutting trees so it won't damage the neighboring trees. - Allow surface fire to reduce the chance of crown fires.  - Conduct studies for alternative raw materials that can be used in products like paper. FORESTRY LAW - Presidential Decree No. 705, the sole legislation put in place to protect our forestry. Enforced largely by the FMB of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources or the DENR. - The law prosecutes the following violations among others: - Cutting and gathering wood productions a license. - Illegal occupation and destruction of forests or national parks. - Destructions of wildlife resources.