BioMed FINAL Study Guide PDF

BioMed FINAL Study Guide I. UNIT 1.1 A. Hair regions (cortex, medulla, and cuticle) 1. Cortex - intermediate layer of hair 2. Medulla - innermost layer of hair 3. Cuticle - outermost layer of hair B. Fingerprint Patterns (loop, whorl, arch and tented ar...

BioMed FINAL Study Guide I. UNIT 1.1 A. Hair regions (cortex, medulla, and cuticle) 1. Cortex - intermediate layer of hair 2. Medulla - innermost layer of hair 3. Cuticle - outermost layer of hair B. Fingerprint Patterns (loop, whorl, arch and tented arch) 1. Loop - forms when ridges curve back, forming a loop shape 2. Whorl - forms a circular or spiral pattern 3. Arch - slope upward and then down 4. Tented arch - ridges in the center meet and go forward C. VOCABULARY 1. Minutiae - tiny fingerprint ridge details 2. Trace evidence - created when objects make contact 3. Heart rate - number of beats per minute 4. Blood pressure - pressure of circulating blood 5. Respiratory rate - number of breaths per minute 6. Skin conductivity - when skin becomes a conductor between electricity and an outside factor 7. Experimental design - a design in which researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure a dependent variable to determine a cause and effect relationship 8. Experiment - A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process 9. Hypothesis - an educated guess 10. Control - (in a experiment) the standard that is used for comparison 11. Independent variable - The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. 12. Dependent variable - The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. D. BLOOD VOCAB 1. Blood typing - method to tell which type of blood you have 2. Antigens - a substance foreign to the body that causes an immune response 3. Antibodies - proteins that help you fight off infections 4. Red blood cells - carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies, they then take carbon dioxide back to our lungs to be exhaled 5. White blood cells - part of the body's immune system, and helps fight off infection and other diseases 6. Platelets - forms clots and stop or prevent bleeding  7. Plasma - The pale yellow, liquid portion of blood that consists of water and dissolved substances, including sugars, lipids, metabolic waste products, amino acids, hormones, and vitamins. 8. Agglutination - formation of clumps of cells or inert particles by specific antibodies E. DNA VOCAB 1. DNA - molecule that contains the genetic code of organisms 2. Nitrogen bases a) Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine b) (a + t) and (g + c) 3. Covalent bond - A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule a) REFER TO IMAGE 4. Hydrogen bond - forms between paired nucleotides a) REFER TO IMAGE 5. Nucleotide - building blocks of DNA a) Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base F. EXTRA VOCAB 1. Eukaryotic cell - any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus 2. Prokaryotic cell - does NOT have a nucleus 3. Organelle - specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells a) mitochondria and ribosomes 4. Nucleus - main control center of the cell 5. Chromosomes - thread like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells a) 46 healthy ones 6. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - a process in which scientist are able to produce millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence from a small amount of DNA 7. Restriction enzymes - a degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA at these sequences called restriction sites 8. Recognition site - a sequence of DNA where a restriction enzyme cuts 9. Restriction digest - DNA that has been cut with restriction enzymes and been "digested" 10. RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphism) - the differences among individuals in the lengths of DNA fragments cut by enzymes; used as a form of genetic testing to observe whether an individual carries a mutant gene for a disease that runs in his or her family  11. Gel electrophoresis - are ideal for separating DNA based on the size of the digested fragments a) How it works - DNA samples are loaded into wells at one end of a gel, and electric current is applied to pull them through the gel (moves toward the positive) 12. Charges on DNA - negatively charged (- on top, + on bottom) a) larger fractions don't travel as far b) smaller fragments travel farther II. UNIT 1.2 A. BODY SYSTEMS 1. Cardiovascular system - pumps blood around the body; transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste 2. Nervous system - responds to internal and external changes by acting an appropriate response; processes info 3. Digestive system - eliminates waste from the body; regulates water balance of food 4. Urinary system - breaks down food into its nutrients molecules; absorbs nutrients; rids the body of waste 5. Lymphatic and immune system - Filters fluid in the body; mounts the attack against foreign substances in the body 6. Respiratory system - Assists with gas exchange with the external environment; keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide 7. Integumentary system - Forms the body's external covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; helps regulate body temperature 8. Reproductive system - to produce, transport, and sustain sperm and egg cells; to nurture the developing offspring 9. Endocrine system - Secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells 10. Muscular system - moves the body and moves substances around the body; maintain posture; produce heat 11. Skeletal system - Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints B. The Body After Death 1. Algor mortis - the cooling or heating of the body after death 2. Rigor mortis - the stiffening of the body after death 3. Livor mortis - the pooling of blood in tissues after death resulting in a reddish color of the skin a) Due to gravity  4. Ambient temperature - air temperature of the room the body was round a) The body temperature will then change toward the ambient temperature C. VOCAB 1. Glaister Equation - 98.4-measured rectal temperature/1.5=approximate hours since death 2. Toxicology - field of science that studies the effects of chemicals 3. Histology - study of tissues and their structures 4. Digestive Tract Path - mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine 5. Metabolism - chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy D. Proteins sequence 1. The protein sequence of amino acids determines the shape of the protein and the shape of the protein determines the function of the protein. E. 4 CARBON BASED MOLECULES 1. Carbohydrates - provide energy to the body a) polymer 2. Lipids - serve as a structural component of cell membranes, energy storehouses, function as important signaling molecules a) monomer 3. Protein - required for structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs a) polymer 4. Nucleic Acid - Storage and expressions of genomic information a) polymer 5. Polymer - whole a) Make up many of the materials in living organisms and are the basis of many minerals and man-made minerals b) DNA strand 6. Monomer - one piece of a whole a) Molecule of any of a class of compounds, mostly organic, that can react to other molecules to form very large molecules (polymers) b) Nucleotide F. Levels of Organization in a Complex Living System 1. Cell, tissue, organ and organ system G. BRAIN 1. Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord 2. Peripheral nervous system - the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body 3. Different Lobes of The Brain (review images)  a) Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes (1) Frontal lobe - voluntary movement, expressive language, and managing higher level executive functions (2) Parietal lobe - processes sensory information, it receives from the outside world, mainly relating to touch, taste, and temperature (3) Temporal lobe - processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory (4) occipital lobe - visual processing area 4. Symptoms of a Concussion a) headache b) nausea or vomiting c) balance problems or dizziness d) bothered by light or noise e) confusion / memory problems H. 4 Tissue Types 1. Muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective tissue a) Muscle tissue - contractility b) Nervous tissue - coordinating and controlling many body activities c) Epithelial tissue - protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception d) connective tissue- forms a framework and supports for organs and the body I. HEART (review pictures) 1. 4 chambers - right and left atrium & right and left ventricle a) Right atrium - receives deoxygenated blood from the body b) Left atrium - Chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it into systemic circulation. c) Right ventricle - The chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs. d) Left ventricle - pumps oxygenated blood to the body 2. 4 vessels - aorta, superior and inferior vena cava,pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery a) Aorta - carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body b) Superior vena cava - returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body c) Inferior vena cava - returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from body parts below the diaphragm d) Pulmonary Veins - brings to the heart e) Pulmonary Arteries - leaves the heart  3. 4 valves - tricuspid valve, mitral (bicuspid valve), pulmonary valve, and aortic valve 4. Oxygenated Blood vs Deoxygenated Blood a) Oxygenated - left ventricle, left atrium, aorta, pulmonary veins b) Deoxygenated - right ventricle and right atrium 5. Pulmonary vs Systemic Circulation a) Pulmonary circulation - moves blood between the heart and lungs b) Systemic circulation - provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues III.UNIT 2.1 A. VOCAB 1. Medical history - a record of past health problems and illnesses 2. Chief complaint - a concise statement describing the symptom, problem, condition, diagnosis, physician-recommended return 3. Physical signs - Pieces of evidence that indicate an illness that can be observed externally 4. Symptoms - the conditions that together tell a doctor what is wrong 5. Homeostasis - the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems 6. Lymphatic system - the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood 7. Dermatologist - a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin B. Good Question To Ask When Taking A Medical History 1. Does anyone in your family have a long-term disease? 2. What are your medical and surgical histories? 3. Are you on any medications? 4. Have you ever drank or did drugs? 5. Are there any recurring injuries? C. VITAL SIGNS 1. Pulse, respiratory rate, body temperature, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation a) Pulse - 60-100 bpm (1) Pulse points - radial (wrist) & carotid (neck) (2) Stethoscopes b) Respiratory rate - 12- 20 breaths (1) Stethoscopes c) Body temp - 97.8 - 99 (1) Thermometer d) Blood pressure - 120/80 mmHG  (1) Sphygmomanometer e) Oxygen saturation - 95-99% (1) pulse oximeter 2. Systolic pressure vs Diastolic pressure a) Systolic - the top number (1) Heart contracts b) diastolic - bottom number (1) Heart is at rest D. Device to examine the eye, ear and nose 1. Eyes - ophthalmoscope 2. Ear and nose - otoscope E. ABCDE Evaluation of a Mole 1. A - asymmetry 2. B - border 3. C - color 4. D - diameter 5. E - evolving F. Routine Assessment For Each Function 1. Eye movement - oculomotor tests (follow the finger) 2. Hearing - listen to the beeps and raise hand 3. Gait - dynamic posture and coordination 4. Motor strength - 5- full ROM, 4- less than normal strength, 3- can raise extremity but not against resistance, 2- can move extremity but not lift it, 1- slight movement, 0- no movement 5. Reflex - when you hit your knee with a reflex hammer it should go up when hit in the right spot 6. Facial Nerve Function - CN 7; move eyebrows; show teeth; smile; frown; close eyes tight; puff cheeks; purse lips 7. Pupillary response - use a flashlight to see if pupils react to the light and dilate 8. Memory - ask patient to repeat three words after drawing a random time on a clock (mini-cog test) 9. Peripheral vision -see how far they can see sideways still looking forward (confrontation test) 10. Coordination - being able to touch your finger to your nose and doctors finger back and forth, then closing your eyes 11. Smell - smell identification test 12. Sensation - being poked with a semi-sharp object to see if they feel the same amount of "pain" at each place they are poked G. Results of an Eye Test  1. 20/20 vision - a person who can read what the average person can read at 20 feet has 20/20 vision a) Top number - distance b) Bottom number - average person H. BLOOD 1. Plasma, platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells a) Plasma - main component of blood and consists mostly of water, with proteins, ions, nutrients, and wastes mixed in. b) Platelets - responsible for blood clotting c) Red blood cells - responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide d) White blood cells - part of the immune system and function in immune response 2. Hemoglobin - the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells 3. Hematocrit - the proportion of red blood cells in blood 4. Phlebotomist - they are trained to draw blood from patients who require testing as well as blood donors I. Cholesterol/Fats 1. Risk factors for heart disease a. High blood pressure b. Smoking c. High cholesterol 2. Why is Cholesterol Important? a. Your body needs cholesterol to perform important jobs, such as making hormones and building cells 3. Foods high/low in saturated fats a. High - butter, bacon, fatty meats, cheese b. Low - fruits, dairy, vegetables 4. Plaque - A deposit of fatty material on the inner lining of an arterial wall 5. LDL - type of lipoprotein responsible for transporting cholesterol to the cells. a. Bad 6. HDL - the type of lipoprotein responsible for removing excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transporting it to the liver a. Good 7. Saturated fats - a fat that is solid in room temperature, found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products 8. Unsaturated fats - a fat that is liquid in room temperature and found in vegetables, nuts, and seeds  9. Good cholesterol levels - total: under 200, LDL: under 100 (