Biology 10th Class Quiz

Hair Regions

• Hair has three main layers: cortex, medulla, and cuticle
• Cortex is the middle layer
• Medulla is the innermost layer
• Cuticle is the outermost layer

Fingerprint Patterns

• Fingerprints have four main patterns: loops, whorls, arches, and tented arches
• Loops form a loop shape
• Whorls form a circular or spiral pattern
• Arches slope upward and then downward
• Tented arches have ridges that meet in the center and go forward

Vocabulary

• Minutiae: tiny fingerprint ridge details
• Trace evidence: created when objects make contact
• Heart rate: number of heartbeats per minute
• Blood pressure: pressure of circulating blood
• Respiratory rate: number of breaths per minute
• Skin conductivity: skin's ability to conduct electricity
• Experimental design: researchers manipulate an independent variable to measure a dependent variable
• Experiment: a research method where researchers manipulate factors to observe effects
• Hypothesis: educated guess
• Control: standard for comparison in an experiment
• Independent variable: manipulated factor in an experiment
• Dependent variable: outcome factor in an experiment

Blood Vocabulary

• Blood typing: method to determine blood type
• Antigens: foreign substances triggering an immune response
• Antibodies: proteins fighting off infections
• Red blood cells: carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
• White blood cells: part of the immune system, fighting infection
• Platelets: form clots to stop bleeding

DNA Vocabulary

• DNA: molecule containing an organism's genetic code
• Nitrogen bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
• Covalent bond: chemical bond involving electron sharing
• Hydrogen bond: forms between paired nucleotides
• Nucleotide: building blocks of DNA (phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base)

Extra Vocabulary

• Eukaryotic cell: possesses a clearly defined nucleus
• Prokaryotic cell: does not have a nucleus
• Organelle: specialized structures performing jobs in cells (mitochondria, ribosomes)
• Nucleus: main control center of the cell
• Chromosomes: thread-like structures in the nucleus (46 in healthy humans)
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): process for making millions of copies of a DNA sequence
• Restriction enzymes: DNA-cutting enzymes
• Recognition site: specific DNA sequence that a restriction enzyme cuts
• Restriction digest: DNA cut by restriction enzymes
• RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphism): DNA fragment length differences among individuals

Body Systems

• Cardiovascular system: pumps blood, transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste
• Nervous system: responds to internal/external changes
• Digestive system: breaks down food, eliminates waste, regulates water balance
• Urinary system: breaks down food into nutrients, absorbs, and removes waste
• Lymphatic and immune system: filters fluid, attacks foreign substances
• Respiratory system: gas exchange, delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
• Integumentary system: external covering, protects, regulates temperature
• Reproductive system: produces, transports, sustains sperm/eggs, nurtures offspring
• Endocrine system: secretes hormones regulating growth, reproduction, and metabolism
• Muscular system: moves the body, maintains posture, produces heat
• Skeletal system: protects and supports organs, provides framework for muscles, made up of bones and joints

Body After Death

• Algor mortis: cooling of the body after death
• Rigor mortis: stiffening of the body after death
• Livor mortis: pooling of blood in tissues after death, resulting in a reddish discoloration due to gravity.

Important Biological Concepts

• Ambient temperature: surrounding air temperature
• Glaister Equation: approximate time since death based on body temperature
• Toxicology: study of chemical effects
• Histology: study of tissues