Biology Final Exam - PDF

## Biology - Test on Mitosis, Meiosis, and Cell Energy **2.** In which type of cell does mitosis occur? - gametes - **diploid cells - Somatic cells** - haploid cells - sperm cells - none of the above **3.** The normal number of chromosomes in a human body cell is: - **46** - 23 - 46 pairs - 23,...

## Biology - Test on Mitosis, Meiosis, and Cell Energy **2.** In which type of cell does mitosis occur? - gametes - **diploid cells - Somatic cells** - haploid cells - sperm cells - none of the above **3.** The normal number of chromosomes in a human body cell is: - **46** - 23 - 46 pairs - 23, plus an X or a Y **Analyze the diagram below. Then fill in the blanks below using the word bank to describe the diagram.** *** Mom ----> (46 chromosomes) ----> (23 chromosomes) ----> (46 chromosomes) ----> ^ ^ / \ / \ Dad ----------> (46 chromosomes) ---------> (23 chromosomes) *** **Questions:** Mom and Dad each have **46** chromosomes in their cells. When **meiosis** occurs, **gametes** are formed (these are cells used for reproduction). These cells have **23** chromosomes each. When these cells rejoin, we call it **fertilization**. The new cell now has **46** chromosomes again. The cell starts to make copies of itself, which is called **mitosis**. **C6H12O6 + 602 ---> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP** **23.** Which pigment in plants is responsible for capturing light energy? - ATP - **chlorophyll** - chloroplast - carbon dioxide **24.** XY indicates a **male** while XX indicates a **female**. **26.** Place these six steps of Mitosis in order: 1. Interphase 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase 6. Cytokinesis **Identify each diagram as either Mitosis or Meiosis:** - **27. Meiosis** - **28. Mitosis** **Write MITOSIS, MEIOSIS, or BOTH for each statement below:** - **29. MITOSIS** - Occurs in somatic cells - **30. MEIOSIS** - Produces gametes - **31. MEIOSIS** - Ends with four cells being produced - **32. BOTH** - Uses spindle fibers to pull apart chromatids - **33. MEIOSIS** - The new cells are haploid - **34. MITOSIS** - The new cells are diploid - **35. MEIOSIS** - Crossing over occurs in this process - **36. BOTH** - How your toe will heal if damaged - exchanging bits of chromosomes (diversity!) - **37. BOTH** - Produces 2 daughter cells - **38. MEIOSIS** - Undergoes PMAT (meiosis occurs + mitosis occurs) - **39. BOTH** - Cytokinesis separates cells in this process - **40. MEIOSIS** - Provides genetically diverse cells **41.** What structure(s) allows chromosomes to separate and move during mitosis? **Spindle fibers** **42.** What do we call the long coiled strands of DNA inside the nucleus? **Chromosomes** **43.** During what process can crossing over occur? **Meiosis** **44.** What kind of cells most likely result from uncontrolled growth due to mutations in genes that control the cell cycle? **Cancer cells** **45.** At what point in the cycle does DNA replication occur? **S-phase** **In diagram above, label the stages the cell is undergoing. Briefly describe what is happening in each step below.** - **Interphase:** The cell grows and replicates its DNA. - **Prophase:** The chromosomes condense and become visible. - **Metaphase:** The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. - **Anaphase:** The sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell. - **Telophase:** The chromosomes uncoil and the nuclear envelope reforms. - **Cytokinesis:** The cytoplasm divides, and the cell splits into two daughter cells. --- ## Biology - Test on Biochemistry **2.** Acidic solutions have a pH between **0** and **6**. **3.** DNA and RNA are built from chains of chemicals called: - amino acids - carbon atoms - **nucleotides** - carbon **4.** The building blocks of proteins are called: - nucleotides - **amino acids** - carbohydrates - sugars **5.** Electrons have a **negative** charge. **6.** Which parts of the atom are found in the nucleus? - protons and electrons - electrons and neutrons - **protons and neutrons** - protons, electrons, and neutrons **10.** A kind of lipid that stores energy: - carbohydrate - protein - nucleotide - **fat** **12.** The monomers of **lipids** are known as **fatty acids**. **13.** The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is known as **diffusion**. **15.** The job of DNA and RNA is to: - help store energy for short or long term use - speed up chemical reactions in the body - store information that makes proteins - **transfer genetic information** **16.** DNA polymerase is used inside the nucleus to unzip DNA to be read by mRNA. What type of molecule is DNA polymerase? - nucleic acid - carbohydrate - **protein** - lipid - **enzyme** - type of protein **17.** What is a primary use for carbohydrates in the body? - **energy** - growth - digestion - cellular structure **18.** All life that has ever been discovered is formed from long chains of **carbon** bonded together with other elements. **21.** The net overall charge of an oxygen atom is **-2**. (**atoms** have no charge, **protons**= **electrons** **22.** Cellulose helps to compose the cell walls of plants, and is not easily digested in the human body. What type of molecule is cellulose? - nucleic acid - **carbohydrate** - protein - lipid ## Test on Heredity and Inheritance **1.** What is Gregor Mendel best known for? - Discovering the structure of DNA - **Formulating the laws of inheritance** - Developing the theory of evolution - Inventing the microscope **2.** If an individual inherits a dominant allele from one parent and a recessive allele from the other, what is the likely outcome? - The recessive trait will be expressed. - Both traits will blend to create a new trait. - **The dominant trait will be expressed.** - Neither trait will be expressed. **3.** What term describes the physical traits observed in Mendel's test subjects? - Alleles - **Phenotype** - Genotype - Chromosome **8.** Which plant did Gregor Mendel use in his experiments to study inheritance? - Corn - Tomato - **Pea** - Wheat **9.** Which of the following genotypes represents a homozygous recessive individual? - Qq - QQ - **qq** - Qt **11.** In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa), what is the probability of producing an offspring with a recessive phenotype? - 0% - **25%** - 50% - 75% **12.** Perform the genetic cross for the previous question in the Punnett square provided (you can draw your own somewhere if you need more room). | | A | a | |---|---|---| | A | AA | Aa | | a | Aa | aa | **14.** Why do so many people think Gregor Mendel was a great scientist, despite the lack of respect of his peers? He **only studied one trait at a time**, **wrote down all information before going on to the next trait**, and **used true- breeding** organisms. **15.** Hint - This is a sex-linked trait. (XB = no colorblind, Xb = colorblind) The pedigree seen below is for colorblindness. Shaded individuals are colorblind. First, determine the probable genotype of persons 1-15; then, answer the questions below the table. 1 - Bb 2 - bb 3 - Bb 4 - bb 5 - B- 6 - bb 7 - Bb 8 - bb 9 - Bb 10 - Bb 11 - Bb 12 - bb 13 - bb 14 - Bb 15 - Bb **A.** What must be the genotypes of the parents of a colorblind daughter? Explain. **Both parents must at least carry H or have it for a kid to become colorblind** **B.** If number 13 marries a normal man, what is the probability that their sons will be colorblind? **0%** **YOU MUST PERFORM THE MONOHYBRID CROSS** | | b | b | |---|---|---| | B | Bb | Bb | | B | Bb | Bb | **16.** Xeroderma pigmentosum is a recessive autosomal-linked genetic disorder in which there is a decreased ability to repair DNA damage such as that caused by ultraviolet light. Symptoms may include a severe sunburn after only a few minutes in the sun, freckling in sun-exposed areas, dry skin, and changes in skin pigmentation. Label the individuals in the following pedigree. Keeping in mind that this is a recessive autosomal trait. Label each generation. #### Generations - **P:** - dd (mom) - dd (dad), - **F1:** - Dd - Dd - dd - Dd - - **F2:** - Dd - dd - Dd - dd - D- - D- **18.** What are the odds that the P generation would make an unaffected individual? Perform the cross. **Probability: 50%** | | d | d | | ------| --- | --- | | **d** | dd | dd | | **d** | dd | dd | **Fill in the following dihybrid crosses, which allele you are using for dominant and recessive, the genotypes for the parents, and the phenotypic ratio in the spaces provided.** **(Tall is dominant to Short, Green is Dominant to White)** **17.** A homozygous tall, green plant crossed with a homozygous short, white plant. **Parental Genotype:** | | Dg | Dg | Dg | Dg | | ------ | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | | **Dg** | DDgg | DDgg | DDgg | DDgg | | **dg** | DdGg | DdGg | DdGg | DdGg | | **dg** | DdGg | DdGg | DdGg | DdGg | | **dg** | DdGg | DdGg | DdGg | DdGg | **Tall**: D **Short**: d **Green**: G **White**: g **Tall/Green: 9/16** **Tall/White; 1/16** **Short/Green: 1/16** **Short/White: 1/16** **18.** Heterozygous tall, white plant with a short, heterozygous green plant. **Parental Genotype:** | | DG | Dg | dG | dg | | ------ | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | | **Dg** | DdGG | DdGg | DdGg | DdGg | | **dg** | DdGg | Ddgg | ddGG | ddgG | | **dg** | DdGg | Ddgg | ddGG | ddgG | | **dg** | DdGg | Ddgg | ddGG | ddgG | **Tall**: D **Short**: d **Green**: G **White**: g **Tall/Green: 9/16** **Tall/White: 3/16** **Short/Green: 3/16** **Short/White: 1/16** **2.** Which of the following organelles are present in prokaryotes but not eukaryotes? - Plasma membrane - Cytoplasm - **Nucleoid** - region inside prokaryotes where DNA lives (bacteria) - Nucleus - surrounded by nuclear envelope in Eukaryotes (humans) **16.** Which of the following conclusions could you draw about the cell shown in Figure 7-1? - **The cell is eukaryotic because it has a nucleus.** - The cell is prokaryotic because it has a nucleus. - The cell is eukaryotic because it does not have a nucleus. - The cell is prokaryotic because it does not have a nucleus. **11.** What part of the cork cell was Robert Hooke looking at under the microscope? - Cell membrane - **Cell wall** - Chloroplast - Grana **12.** Which type of organism is theorized to inhabit the planet first? - **Prokaryotes** - Eukaryotes - Cockroaches - Euglena **13.** Who is credited with inventing the compound light microscope? - **Anton van Leeuwenhoek** - Robert Hooke - Matthias Schleiden - Rudolf Virchow **16.** Draw the phospholipid bilayer (as best you can) and label which part is hydrophilic and hydrophobic, and tell me where the cholesterol is located. - **Hydrophilic head** - where the water is - **Hydrophobic tail** - where the fat is - **Cholesterol** - located in the middle of the lipid bilayer **Use the following word bank to label the cells below (Hint: you will not use all of them, and you only have to label the boxes)** - Ribosome - nucleus - Smooth ER - Rough ER - Microfilaments - cell membrane - cell-wall - vacuole - chloroplast - mitochondria - Golgi apparatus - cytoplasm - microtubules - Nuclear envelope - Cilia - Flagella - Nucleolus - Nuclear pore - lysosome - thylakoid - grana **Plant Cell** - **nucleus** - **nucleolus** - **nuclear envelope** - **Smooth ER** - **ribosomes** - **rough ER** - **cytoplasm** - **mitochondria** - **chloroplast** - **thylakoid grana** - **cell membrane** - **cell wall** - **Golgi apparatus** - **body vacuole** - **meripilaments** **Animal Cell** - **nucleus** - **nucleolus** - **nuclear envelope** - **Smooth ER** - **ribosomes** - **rough ER** - **Golgi apparatus** - **cytoplasm** - **mitochondria** - **lysosome** - **centriole** - **cell membrane** **19.** Where are the 2 places in the cell you could find ribosomes? **Rough ER** and **Nucleus** (and **cytoplasm**) **20**. Name one similarity and one difference of a mitochondrion and a chloroplast. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts produce energy for the cell. However, mitochondria convert food particles into energy, while chloroplasts convert sunlight into energy. **21.** If the first cells found on Earth were similar to prokaryotes, describe them. The first cells found on Earth were likely prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells were small and simple, lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. **22.** List the 3 postulates of the Cell Theory. - All living things or organisms are made of cells. - All cells come from pre existing cells. - The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. **23**. What is a vesicle? A vesicle is a small, membrane-bound sac that transports substances within the cell. **24**. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts make energy. However, only chloroplasts are found in **plants**. **Match the following terms with the correct organelle**. - **a.** Ribosome - This organelle is covered in ribosomes; helps move proteins around the cell - **b.** Cell membrane - The outer boundary of the cell (Animal) - **c.** Mitochondria - Supplies energy to animal cells - **d.** Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place - **e.** Lysosome - This small organelle makes proteins - **f.** Cytoplasm - The clear, jelly-like substance between the organelles - **g.** Golgi apparatus - This organelle packages proteins to be removed from the cell - **h.** Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Organelle inside the nucleus that makes ribosomes - **i.** Nucleus - The control center of the cell - **j.** Thylakoid - Region in prokaryotes where DNA is found - **k.** Cell wall - This structure surrounds plant cells and provides support - **l.** Chloroplast - This organelle is where photosynthesis takes place; found only in plant cells - **m.** Vacuole - This organelle stores water and wastes and sometimes nutrients - **n.** Cilia - Numerous hairs on the cell membrane used for cell locomotion - **o.** Flagella - This organelle helps move proteins around the cell; it does not have ribosomes attached to it - **p.** Grana - Whip-like tails used for movement - **q.** Nuclear Pore - Holes in the nucleus where mRNA passes - **r.** Nucleolus - Stacks of thylakoids found inside chloroplasts - **s.** Nucleoid - Main function is to remove waste