Biology Summary - Comparing Cells PDF

BIOLOGY SUMMARY Comparing Cells Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes...

BIOLOGY SUMMARY Comparing Cells Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Has nucleus No nucleus Have Has cytoskeleton Small and simple ribosomes Can be multicellular or No membrane- Have DNA unicellular Have Has membrane-bound bound organelles Cytoplasm organelles Unicellular Have Cell Some have cilia Oldest cell type membrane Evolved from Prokaryotes Linear/Loose Some have Larger and more complex chromosomes flagella Circular chromosomes Cell Membrane Cell Organelles & Structure Plant vs Animal Control Cells Nucleus - control center of the cell, contains DNA Animal Nucleolus - Makes ribosomes, sense cellular stress, no DNA messy, round blob shapes Nuclear Membrane - controls what enters and leaves nucleus (semi-permeable) all over the place, no Animal Cell pattern Division outermost layer: cell Centrioles - organizes microtubules during cell division in animal cells only membrane Energy doesn’t contain chloroplast Chloroplast - site of photosynthesis, only in green plant cells smaller vacuoles Mitochondria - Generates energy (ATP) for the cell through cellular respiration has centrioles Proteins has lysosomes Plant Ribosomes - Creates proteins, can free-floating or attached to rough ER straight edges, structured, Endoplasmic Reticulum - Processing + intercellular transport of proteins, lipids within cell uniform shapes to golgi apparatus organized, neat rows, brick Golgi Apparatus - Sorts + modifies + packages proteins & lipids for transport to other wall pattern parts of or outside the cell outermost layer: cell wall contain chloroplast (green Storage plants) Vacuoles - Stores water, nutrients & waste products, helps support plant structure (turgor larger vacuoles pressure), bigger in plants vs animal cells no centrioles Lysosomes no lysosomes Plant Cell Structure Cytoplasm - Jelly substance that fills the cell, provides structure & support Cell Theory 1. All living things are made Cell Membrane - Controls what enters and exit the cell (semi-permeable) up of cells Cell Wall - Provides structural support for plant cells only 2. Cells are the basic unit of Movement life Cilla - Like a broom, helps cells + unicellular organisms move, animal cells only 3. All cells come from other cells Flagella - Like a tail, cell can have multiple, helps cells + unicellular organisms move, in animal and some plant cells Specialized Cells Common Specialized Cells Stem Cells Red Blood Cells found in multicellular organisms transports oxygen from lungs to the body’s tissues & absorbs CO₂ specialize into different cell types depending bi-concave disk -> more surface area -> more oxygen diffusion on the part of their DNA that is turned on no nucleus allows the cells to shape easier when travelling through two types of stem cells: embryonic stem the body cells and tissue (somatic) stem cells White Blood Cells embryonic can turn into any cell type but protection against viruses and unknown organisms by producing somatic can only become certain types antibodies proteins to destroy it arms eat bacteria , surround it and digests with lysosome Cell to System Organization Skeletal Muscle Cells facilitates movement and control posture Cells → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism spindle shape helps muscles with elasticity (shorten) Nerve Cells messenger cells to brain, sensory and movement information multiple long branches allow multiple messages to be sent over long distances through the body Skin Cells (Epidermis) 4 Types of Tissue protection from outside environment and organisms Epithelial Tissue thin sheets of tightly packed cells covering surfaces and lining internal organs flat surface allows more surface area to cover the entire body protection from dehydration, low friction surfaces thin layers allow perspiration e.x. skin, lining of digestive system Fat Cells (Adipose Tissue) Connective Tissue provide energy, insulation from extreme temperatures & cushioning various types of cells and fibres held together by a liquid, a solid, or a gel, known as matrix around soft organs provides support and insulation e.x. bone, tendons, blood, ligaments large vacuole to store as much fat as possible Sperm Cells Muscle Tissue bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins capable of fertilize female egg cell, reproduction shortening or contracting flagella allows it to move distances allows movement (e.x. in muscles that allow bone to move, heart, smooth muscles) Bone Cells Nerve Tissue multiple types of bone cells long, thin cells with fine branches at the ends capable of conducting electrical supports body structure, develops skeleton tissue impulses sensory, communication within the body, coordination of body functions projections on the outside help make connections with other cells e.x. brain, nerves in sensory organs  BIOLOGY SUMMARY Cell Cycle & Cell Division Cell Cycle - Interphase Why do cells divide? 90-95% of cell When a cell gets too large, the cell performs slower, so resolve this, the cell divides Repair life is spent in Growth Reproduction interphase G1, cell growth Cell Division - Mitosis S, DNA duplicated & synthesizes G2, preperation for mitosis R, restriction points, start or delay duplicating DNA & cell division cell is carrying out G0, apoptosis all its life activities Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase (except cell the 2 identical centrosome of each chromatids are pulled cleavage furrow division) chromatids condense chromosome towards the poles of begins (animal cell) DNA in chromatin and coil into attached to spindle the cell cell plate begins to form, thin & spread out chromosomes fibres change length other spindles form (plant cell) nuclear membrane nuclear membrane pulls chromosomes elongate the cell nuclear membrane intact begins to disappear into a line along cell chromosomes spilt begins to form centrioles move equator from centrosome into around each daughter Cell Cycle - Cytokinesis towards the poles most distinguishable daughter chromatids chromosome set post-mitosis spindle fibers begin under a microscope phase ends when nucleolus membrane animal cell: cytoplasm pinches to form chromatoids reach reappears in each off forming two identical poles & stop movie nucleus daughter cells daughter plant cell: Cell plate forms to chromosomes begin divide inyo to the 2 daughter cells to unwind Cancer What is Cancer? Mutations when cells divide, their DNA is almost always duplicated error-free group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth (and possible spread) of abnormal (mutated cells) sometime random changes occur in the cell’s DNA; these changes are Why do cells grow out of control? called mutations a change (mutation) occurs in the DNA that controls the cell cycle mutations may result in the death of a cell (apoptosis) OR if the cell this change prevents the cell from staying in interphase for the normal cycle DNA starts behaving abnormally, the cells may become cancerous period of time (divide uncontrollably + affect other parts of the body negatively) Causes of Cancer Tumors Genetic Causes - no control uncontrolled cell division leads to the formation fo tumours, the uncontrolled growing cells that form a mass or lump family history of cancer Metastasis occurs when a part of the original tutor breaks off and travels to a new location race can lead to risk for certain types of cancers two tumor types: benign and malignant age, cancer is most common among people over 50 inherited genetic mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, APC, etc.) Environmental Factors - some control asbestos & radon exposure in older buildings air pollution secondhand smoke (vape, tobacco, etc.) Lifestyle Factors - complete control alcohol consumption ultraviolet radiation smoking (tobacco, vaping, etc) Benign Malignant Screening non-cancerous cancerous, can invade nearby tissues and spread to tother parts Key to the treatment of cancer is screening to identify disease precesses early in well-defined boundary & grow relatively of the body through blood stream or lymphatic system development slowly this spread can lead to the formation of secondary tumours Medical tests - PAP test for cervical cancer, PSA test for prostate cancer don’t pose a significant threat to health unless (metastasize) in distant organs Self-screening - breast, testicular and skin cancer examination they grow large enough to cause pressure on lack well defined borders, can grow rapidly and can exert harmful Screening for Melanoma nearby organs or tissue effects on by interferring with the body’s normal functions Asymmetry - irregular shape Diameter - larger more difficult to remove completely through surgery, it can easily most are not life-threatening & can often be Border - jagged edges Evolving - note changes over time replicate and spread removed through surgery Color - uneven or changing If cancer is suspected, more advanced testing will be used for an official diagnosis Diagnosis Once diagnosed, the doctor will determine treatment plan. Treatment Treatments Endoscopy - a procedure in which an instrument is in surgery → removes localized tumors + surrounding tissues introduced into the body to give a view of its internal parts chemotherapy → administered orally or intravenously to kill rapidly dividing cells in the X-ray - imaging creates pictures of the inside of your body, different tissues absorb different amounts of radiation body Ultrasound - uses high-energy sound waves to look at radiation → delivers focused high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells tissues and organs inside the body, cannot determine Emerging treatments whether or not a tumor is cancerous anti-angiogenesis → drugs that stop growth of new blood vessels that feed tumors CT Scan (Computed Tomography) - uses x-rays From biophonics → non-invasive light-based techniques used for precise treatment delivery multiple angles to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body, images con be reconstructed into 3D views Normal Cells Normal vs Cancer Cells Cancer Cells MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) - uses strong Shape - uniform, well- Shape - jagged, uneven magnets to align hydrogen atoms in body, radio frequency pulses are used to disrupt this alignment. defined border Cytoplasm - less When pulses stop, the atoms realign, releasing energy Cytoplasm - more cytoplasm that is detected by the machine, different tissues release cytoplasm Nucleus - bigger, energy at different rates, allowing the machine to create Nucleus - smaller, round irregular shape detailed images Nucleolus - single Nucleolus - multiple Biopsy - sample of cells are taken from the body to nucleus nucleoli determine if they are benign or malignant, and their location Chromatin - string-like, Chromatin - dark- of origin, pathologists examine the cells onder microscopes, best diagnosis method thin masses