Biology Quiz #1 PDF

Unit 1 Study Guide Honors Biology Study Guide for Honors Biology ------------------------------ ### Key Terms and Concepts: **Cell** -- The basic unit of life **Unicellular** -- An organism made of one cell (e.g., bacteria) **Multicellular** -- An organism made of many cells (e.g., humans, pla...

Unit 1 Study Guide Honors Biology Study Guide for Honors Biology ------------------------------ ### Key Terms and Concepts: **Cell** -- The basic unit of life **Unicellular** -- An organism made of one cell (e.g., bacteria) **Multicellular** -- An organism made of many cells (e.g., humans, plants) **Reproduction** -- The process of making more of the same kind **Asexual Reproduction** -- One parent produces identical offspring (e.g., bacteria) **Sexual Reproduction** -- Two parents combine DNA to make unique offspring **DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)** -- The molecule that carries genetic information **Growth** -- Increase in size **Metabolism** -- All chemical reactions in a living thing that involve energy use **Stimulus** -- A change in the environment that causes a response (e.g., light, heat) **Homeostasis** -- Maintaining internal balance (e.g., body temperature regulation) **Evolution** -- Gradual change in a species over time **Cell Membrane** -- Controls what goes in and out of the cell (like a security gate) **Cytoplasm** -- Jelly-like fluid that fills the cell and holds organelles **Nucleus** -- The \"brain\" of the cell; contains DNA and controls activities **Ribosomes** -- Make proteins for the cell **Mitochondria** -- The \"powerhouse\" of the cell; produces energy (ATP) **Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)** -- Helps transport materials inside the cell - - **Vacuole** -- Stores water, nutrients, and waste (large in plant cells, small in animal cells) **Cell Wall** -- Extra support and protection for plant cells (not in animal cells) **Chloroplast** -- Does photosynthesis to make food for plant cells (not in animal cells) **Cytoskeleton** -- Provides shape and structure to the cell ### Claim, Evidence, Reasoning **Claim** -- A statement or conclusion that answers a question. - **Evidence** -- Scientific data or observations that support the claim. - **Reasoning** -- The explanation that connects the evidence to the claim using scientific principles. - Dependent Variable- variable affected by the change (y-axis) Independent Variable- variable that is changed (x-axis) **Qualitative data** (non-numerical, descriptive data, such as colors, types, or categories) is best displayed using: - - **Quantitative data** (numerical data, such as measurements or counts) is best displayed using: - - - **Characteristics of Life:** **Means = Example** 1. - 2. - 3. - 4. - 5. - 6. - 7. - 8. - #### **What are the typical "steps" to the scientific method and why should it be a cyclical process?** **Observation**: Notice something interesting or unexplained in the world around you. **Question**: Form a specific question based on the observation. **Hypothesis**: Propose an explanation or prediction based on your question (usually in an \"If\...then\...\" format). **Experiment**: Design and conduct an experiment to test your hypothesis. This involves defining independent and dependent variables, as well as controlling other variables. **Data Collection**: Gather data through observation, measurement, or instruments during the experiment. **Analysis**: Analyze the data to see if it supports or refutes the hypothesis. **Conclusion**: Make a conclusion based on the data analysis, determining whether the hypothesis was correct or not. **Communication**: Share your results with others (through research papers, presentations, etc.) to contribute to scientific knowledge. Cell Theory 1. 2. 3. Eukaryotic Cells vs Prokaryotic Cells ### **Prokaryotes (Simple, Small, No Nucleus)** ✅ **No nucleus** -- DNA floats in the cytoplasm (in a nucleoid region)\ ✅ **No membrane-bound organelles** (no mitochondria, ER, or Golgi)\ ✅ **Smaller and simpler** (usually 1-10 micrometers)\ ✅ **Unicellular** (single-celled organisms)\ ✅ **Reproduce asexually** through binary fission\ ✅ **Example:** Bacteria and Archaea ### **Eukaryotes (Complex, Large, Has Nucleus)** ✅ **Has a nucleus** -- DNA is stored inside the nucleus\ ✅ **Has membrane-bound organelles** (mitochondria, ER, Golgi, etc.)\ ✅ **Larger and more complex** (usually 10-100 micrometers)\ ✅ **Can be unicellular or multicellular\ **✅ **Reproduce sexually or asexually\ **✅ **Examples:** Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists ### Similarities Between Plant and Animal Cells 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - - 6. 7. 8. ### **Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells** **Feature** **Plant Cells** **Animal Cells** ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------- **Cell Wall** Present, made of cellulose; provides rigidity and support. Absent. **Chloroplasts** Present; contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Absent. **Vacuoles** Large central vacuole; stores water and nutrients. Small, temporary vacuoles (if present). **Shape** Generally rectangular or fixed due to the cell wall. Typically round or irregular. **Centrioles** Absent (except in some lower plants). Present; involved in cell division. **Lysosomes** Rare; digestion mainly occurs in the vacuole. Common; contains enzymes for digestion.  Hierarchy Examples ### **1. Chemical Level (Smallest)** These are the building blocks of life. - - ### **2. Cellular Level** These make up all living things. - - ### **3. Tissue Level** Groups of similar cells work together. - ### **4. Organ Level** Made up of multiple tissues performing a function. - ### **5. Organ System Level** A group of organs working together. - ### **6. Organism Level** A single living thing. - ### **7. Population Level** A group of the same species in an area. - ### **8. Community Level** All living things (multiple species) in an area. - ### **9. Ecosystem Level** All living and non-living things in an area. - ### **10. Biosphere (Largest)** The entire Earth and its ecosystems. - - Microscope/Coverslips - - - Steps: **Get a clean slide** -- Make sure it\'s free of dust or fingerprints. **Place a drop of water (or stain) on the slide** -- Use a pipette or dropper to put a small drop in the center. **Add the specimen** -- Place the specimen (e.g., leaf, onion skin, cheek cell sample) in the water drop. **Lower the coverslip at an angle** -- Use tweezers or your fingers to carefully lower the coverslip from one side to the other. This prevents air bubbles, which can obstruct the view. **Remove excess water** -- If needed, use a paper towel at the edge of the coverslip to absorb extra liquid. FOV Equation \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Object size Number of Objects that Fit Across the FOV) Binary Fission vs Mitosis **Binary Fission**: - - - - - - **Mitosis**: - - - - - - Mitosis PT.2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **Longest Stage**: - The Stages of Mitosis and Cell Division  **Cell Cycle** 1. - - - 2. 3. ### Important Safety Measures for Successful Cell Division: 1. - 2. - 3. - **G1 Checkpoint**: At this point, the cell checks for DNA damage before it commits to DNA replication in the S phase. If damage is detected, DNA repair mechanisms are activated to fix the damage. If the damage is too severe to repair, the cell may enter **G0** or undergo apoptosis. **G2 Checkpoint**: After DNA replication in the S phase, the G2 checkpoint ensures that any errors during replication are repaired. If any DNA damage or replication errors are detected, repair mechanisms are activated before the cell proceeds to mitosis. If the damage is too extensive to repair, the cell may initiate apoptosis. The **M checkpoint** (also known as the **spindle checkpoint**) primarily checks the **correct attachment of chromosomes** to the spindle fibers during mitosis. While it does not directly involve DNA repair mechanisms like the G1 or G2 checkpoints, it ensures that the chromosomes are properly aligned and attached before proceeding to anaphase. Cancer **Cancer** is a disease where cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. At the **cellular level**: - - - -