Biology Question Bank - Modern Evolutionary Classification PDF

## Biology Question Bank ### Lesson 1: Modern Evolutionary Classification 1. Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary history of lineages of organisms. 2. Advances in phylogeny led to Evolutionary Classifications. 3. What was the goal of evolutionary classifications? The goal was to group specie...

## Biology Question Bank ### Lesson 1: Modern Evolutionary Classification 1. Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary history of lineages of organisms. 2. Advances in phylogeny led to Evolutionary Classifications. 3. What was the goal of evolutionary classifications? The goal was to group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent. 4. The larger a taxon is, the farther back in time all of its members shared a common ancestor. 5. A Clade is a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor. 6. Why do some certain taxa fail the “clade test”? Because they include species descended from more than one different ancestor. 7. Cladistic Analysis compares selected traits to determine the order in which groups of organisms branched off from their common ancestor. 8. A Cladogram is a diagram that uses cladistic analysis to link clades together. 9. How does a cladogram link a group of organisms? By showing current hypotheses about how evolutionary lineages branched off from common ancestors. 10. A Derived Character is a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a lineage and was passed to its descendants. 11. Whether or not a character is derived depends on which level you're grouping organisms. 12. Four Limbs is a derived character for the entire clade Tetrapoda. 13. Hair is a derived character for the clade Mammalia. 14. Specialized Shearing teeth is a derived character for Carnivora. 15. Retractable Claws is a derived character for the clade Felidae. 16. Are both coyotes and lions a member of the clade Carnivora? Yes, even though they come from different families, they share a common ancestor. 17. What does the lowest branching point represent? The last common ancestor of all members of the clade. 18. Each derived character listed along the main trunk of the cladogram defines a Clade. 19. What do all clades have in common? A common ancestor. 20. What is the role of DNA in classification? It helps scientists figure out the true evolutionary relationships between species and it gives more accurate relationships than just looking at physical traits. 21. What is a shared derived characteristic? A trait that all organisms in a group have inherited from a common ancestor. 22. Where do the closest related species appear on the cladogram? At the tips of the branches. 23. What does a clade include? A common ancestor and all its descendants. 24. What do scientists use to create a cladogram? Traits that species share because they have a common ancestor. 25. What is the role of a root in a cladogram? It shows the common ancestor of all species in the diagram. 26. The Tree of all life illustrates current hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among the taxa within the three domains. 27. What are the three domains of life? Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya. 28. Explain the members of the domain bacteria. They are unicellular and prokaryotic. Their cells have thick, rigid walls that surround a cell membrane. Their cell walls contain a substance known as peptidoglycan. 29. Explain the members of the domain Archaea. They are unicellular and prokaryotic. Their cell walls, however, lack peptidoglycan. Their cell membranes contain unusual lipids not found in any other organism. 30. Explain the members if domain Eukarya. It consists of all organisms that have a nucleus. It comprises the four remaining major groups: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. 31. The concept of descent with modification led to Phylogeny. 32. A Common Ancestor is an ancestor that two or more descendants have in common. 33. A clade must be a Monophyletic group, a group that includes all species that are descended from a common ancestor and cannot include any species that are not descended from that common ancestor. 34. A Speciation/splitting event, in which an ancestral lineage branch into 2 lineages, is the basis for each branch point or Node. 35. Each Node represents the last point at which the new lineages shared a common ancestor. 36. A cladogram's Branching patterns indicate degrees of relatedness among organisms. 37. An Ancestral character is thought to have evolved in a common ancestor of both groups. 38. What does the lowest node represents? The last common ancestor of all members of the clade. 39. The Fork shows the order in which various groups branched off over the course of evolution. 40. The Positions of the derived characters on the cladogram reflect the order in which those characteristics arose in this lineage. ### Lesson 2: Human Systems 1 1. What does the digestive system do? It converts food into small molecules that can be used by the cells of the body. 2. What are the four steps of the digestive system? Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and elimination 3. What is ingestion? The act of putting in your mouth 4. What are the 2 ways of digestion? Chemical digestion and mechanical digestion. 5. What are the five organs used in the digestive system? Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, and large intestine 6. What are the functions of each organ? The mouth: teeth break the food into tiny pieces and enzymes from the saliva mixes up with the food making bolus. Esophagus: the bolus travels from the mouth to the stomach by it. Small intestine: Releases the chyme and helps in absorption using the villi or microvilli. Large Intestine: to remove water from the material/food that is left. 7. What organs does the excretory system includes and what does it excretes? The excretory system includes skin, lungs, liver, and kidneys. The system excretes metabolic wastes from the body. 8. What are the functions of each of the organs? Skin: Removes excess water, salts, and a small amount of urea. Liver: Removes urea Lungs: removes CO2 and water vapor. Kidney: Removes urine. 9. What does the ureter, urinary bladder, and the urethra do? The ureter: Transports urine from the kidney (Collecting Duct) to the urinary bladder. Urinary Bladder: Stores urine Urethra: Discharge. 10. What is the building block unit of the kidney? Nephron 11. What are the 3 steps of blood purification? Blood Filtration (Glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule) Blood Reabsorption (Loop of Henle) Urine excretion (Collecting duct, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra) 12. What does the circulatory system transports and what does it remove? It transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body and it removes wastes from the tissues. 13. A wall called Septum separates the oxygenated (left) from the deoxygenated (Right). 14. Each upper chamber or Atrium receives blood. 15. Each Lower chamber or Ventricle pumps blood. 16. What are the 4 valves? Tricuspid valve, Mitral Valve, Pulmonary Valve, and Aortic valve. 17. How many chambers are there? 4 (2 atria and 2 ventricles) 18. The Right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the hearts to the lungs. 19. The Left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. 20. What are the three types of blood vessels? Arteries, Viens, and Capillaries. 21. Large vessels or Arteries carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. 22. Except for the Pulmonary arteries, All arteries carry oxygenated blood. 23. Blood leaves the heart to go to the rest of the body through the Aorta, the first of series of vessels that carries blood through the systematic circulation. 24. The smallest blood vessels are the Capillaries that their thin walls allow oxygen and nitrogen to diffuse from blood into tissues and allow carbon dioxide and other wastes to move from tissues to blood. 25. After blood passes through capillaries, it returns to the heart through the Veins. 26. How are arteries and veins alike and how are they different? They are both blood vessels that carry blood and they are both part of the circulatory system. However arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart while veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart. Arteries have thicker walls while veins have thinner walls. Veins have valves but arteries do not.