Modern Evolutionary Classification
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Questions and Answers

...... is the study of the evolutionary history of lineages of organisms.

Phylogeny

Advances in phylogeny led to ......... classifications.

evolutionary

What was the goal of evolutionary classifications?

The goal of evolutionary classifications was to group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent.

The....... a taxon is, the farther back in time all of its members shared a common ancestor.

<p>larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

Α ........ is a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor.

<p>clade</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do some certain taxa fail the “clade test”?

<p>Because they include species descended from more than one different ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

....... compares selected traits to determine the order in which groups of organisms branched off from their common ancestor.

<p>Cladistic Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

....... is a diagram that uses cladistic analysis to link clades together.

<p>Cladogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a cladogram link a group of organisms?

<p>By showing current hypotheses about how evolutionary lineages branched off from common ancestors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ......... is a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a linage and was passed to its descendants.

<p>derived character</p> Signup and view all the answers

Whether or not a character is derived depends on ...?

<p>It depends on which level you're grouping organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

.... is a derived character for the entire clade Tetrapoda.

<p>Four Limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

..... is a derived character for the clade Mammalia.

<p>Hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

...........is a derived character for Carnivora.

<p>Specialized Shearing teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

..... is a derived character for the clade Felidae.

<p>Retractable Claws</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are both coyotes and lions a member of the clade Carnivora?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lowest branching point represent?

<p>The last common ancestor of all members of the clade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each derived character listed along the main trunk of the cladogram defines a .........

<p>clade</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do all clades have in common?

<p>A common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA in classification?

<p>It helps scientists figure out the true evolutionary relationships between species and it gives more accurate relationships than just looking at physical traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a shared derived characteristic?

<p>A trait that all organisms in a group have inherited from a common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the closest related species appear on the cladogram?

<p>At the tips of the branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a clade include?

<p>A common ancestor and all its descendants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do scientists use to create a cladogram?

<p>Traits that species share because they have a common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a root in a cladogram?

<p>It shows the common ancestor of all species in the diagram</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ..........illustrates current hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among the taxa within the three domains.

<p>tree of all life</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three domains of life?

<p>Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the members of the domain Bacteria.

<p>They are unicellular and prokaryotic. Their cells have thick, rigid walls that surround a cell membrane. Their cell walls contain a substance known as peptidoglycan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the members of the domain Archaea.

<p>They are unicellular and prokaryotic. Their cell walls, however, lack peptidoglycan. Their cell membranes contain unusual lipids not found in any other organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the members of domain Eukarya.

<p>It consists of all organisms that have a nucleus. It compromises the four remaining major groups: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of descent with modification led to.....

<p>Phylogeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

..... is an ancestor that two or more descendants have in common.

<p>Common Ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

A clade must be a ........group, a group that includes all species that are descended from a common ancestor and cannot include any species that are not descended from that common ancestor.

<p>monophyletic</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ......., in which an ancestral linage branch into 2 lineages, is the basis for each branch point or....

<p>Speciation/splitting event, node</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each ......represents the last point at which the new lineages shared a common ancestor.

<p>node</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cladogram's ......... indicate degrees of relatedness among organisms.

<p>branching patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

An.......character is thought to have evolved in a common ancestor of both groups.

<p>ancestral</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lowest node represents?

<p>The last common ancestor of the clade</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ......shows the order in which various groups branched off over the course of evolution.

<p>fork</p> Signup and view all the answers

The..... of the derived characters on the cladogram reflect the order in which those characteristics arose in this lineage

<p>positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the digestive system do?

<p>It converts food into small molecules that can be used by the cells of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four steps of the digestive system?

<p>Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ingestion?

<p>The act of putting in your mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 ways of digestion?

<p>Chemical digestion and mechanical digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five organs used in the digestive system?

<p>Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, and large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of each organ?

<p>The mouth: teeth break the food into tiny pieces and enzymes from the saliva mixes up with the food making bolus Esophagus: the bolus travels from the mouth to the stomach by it Small intestine: Releases the chyme and helps in absorption using the villi or microvilli. Large Intestine: to remove water from the material/food that is left.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs does the excretory system includes and what does it excretes?

<p>The excretory system includes skins, lungs,liver, and kidneys. The system excretes metabolic wastes from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of each of the organs?

<p>Skin: Removes excess water,salts,and a small amount of urea. Liver: Removes urea Lungs: removes CO2 and water vapor. Kidney: Removes urine .</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ureter,urinary bladder,and the urethra do?

<p>The ureter: Transports urine from the kidney (Collecting Duct) to the urinary bladder. Urinary Bladder: Stores urine Urethra: Discharge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the building block unit of the kidney?

<p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 steps of blood purification?

<p>Blood Filtration (Glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule) Blood Reabsorption (Loop of Henle) Urine excretion (Collecting duct, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the circulatory system transports and what does it remove?

<p>It transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body and it removes wastes from the tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A wall called ......... separates the oxygenated (left) from the deoxygenated (Right) ......

<p>septum, atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each lower chamber or ...... pumps blood

<p>ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 valves?

<p>Tricuspid valve, Mitral Valve, Pulmonary Valve, and Aortic valve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chambers are there?

<p>4 (2 atria and 2 ventricles)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ......side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the hearts to the lungs.

<p>right</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ........side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

<p>left</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of blood vessels?

<p>Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Large vessels or ...... carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.

<p>arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Except for the........., All arteries carry oxygenated blood.

<p>pulmonary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood leaves the heart to go to the rest of the body through the....., the first of series of vessels that carries blood through the systematic circulation.

<p>aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

The smallest blood vessels are the....... that their thin walls allow oxygen and nitrogen to diffuse from blood into tissues and allow carbon dioxide and other wastes to move from tissues to blood

<p>capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

After blood passes through capillaries, it returns to the heart through the....

<p>veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are arteries and veins alike and how are they different?

<p>They are both blood vessels that carry blood and they are both part of the circulatory system. However arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart while veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart. Arteries have thicker walls while veins have thinner walls. Veins have valves but arteries do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Modern Evolutionary Classification

  • Phylogeny: The study of the evolutionary history of lineages of organisms.
  • Evolutionary Classifications: Advances in phylogeny led to improved classifications, aiming to group species into larger categories reflecting evolutionary descent.
  • Clade: A group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor.
  • Larger Taxon: The more encompassing a taxon (group), the further back in time its members shared a common ancestor.
  • Clade Test Failure: Some taxa fail the clade test because they include species descended from more than one different ancestor.
  • Cladistic Analysis: Compares selected traits of organisms to determine the order in which groups branched off from their common ancestor.
  • Cladogram: A diagram that utilizes cladistic analysis to display the relationships and branching order of lineages.
  • Cladogram Linkage: Cladograms illustrate hypotheses on how evolutionary lineages branched off from shared common ancestors.

Derived Characters

  • Derived Character: A trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a lineage and was passed to its descendants.
  • Character Derivation Dependence: The derivation of a character depends on the level at which organisms are grouped.
  • Examples of Derived Characters:
    • Tetrapoda (four limbs) is a derived character for vertebrates
    • Hair is a derived character for mammals.
    • Specialized shearing teeth are a derived character for the Felidae (cats) family.
    • Retractable claws are a derived character for the Felidae (cats) family.

Common Ancestor and Relationships

  • Common Ancestor: An ancestor shared by two or more descendants.
  • Monophyletic Group: A group that includes all species descended from a common ancestor and does not include any species not descended from that ancestor.
  • Node: Represents the last point at which new lineages shared a common ancestor.
  • Branching Patterns: Illustrate degrees of relatedness among organisms within a cladogram.
  • Ancestral Character: A character thought to have evolved in a common ancestor of various groups.

Domains of Life

  • Three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
  • Bacteria: Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms with rigid cell walls containing peptidoglycan
  • Archaea: Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan and have unusual lipids.
  • Eukarya: Include organisms (protists, fungi, plants, and animals) with cells containing a nucleus.

Digestive System

  • Digestive System Function: Converts food to small molecules usable by the body's cells.
  • Steps of Digestion: Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination
  • Ingestion: Putting food into the mouth.
  • Digestion: Mechanical (physical) and chemical breakdown of food.
  • Digestive Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.

Excretory System

  • Organs Involved: Skin, lungs, liver, and kidneys.
  • Excreted Wastes: Metabolic wastes from the body.
  • Specific Organ Functions:
  • Skin: Removes excess water, salts, and urea.
  • Liver: Removes urea.
  • Lungs: Remove carbon dioxide and water vapor.
  • Kidney: Removes urine.
  • Urinary System Elements: Ureter, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra.

Circulatory System

  • Transport Functions: Carries oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body; removes wastes.
  • Major Vessels: Arteries, veins, and capillaries.
  • Oxygenated Blood Transport: Arteries (except pulmonary arteries) carry oxygenated blood.
  • Deoxygenated Blood Transport: Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
  • Heart Chambers and Valves: Four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) and four valves to ensure one-way blood flow.

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Description

This quiz focuses on modern evolutionary classification methods, emphasizing phylogeny and clades. It explores how these concepts have revolutionized the way we categorize species based on their evolutionary history. Test your understanding of cladistic analysis and the relationships among organisms.

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