Podcast
Questions and Answers
...... is the study of the evolutionary history of lineages of organisms.
...... is the study of the evolutionary history of lineages of organisms.
Phylogeny
Advances in phylogeny led to ......... classifications.
Advances in phylogeny led to ......... classifications.
evolutionary
What was the goal of evolutionary classifications?
What was the goal of evolutionary classifications?
The goal of evolutionary classifications was to group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent.
The....... a taxon is, the farther back in time all of its members shared a common ancestor.
The....... a taxon is, the farther back in time all of its members shared a common ancestor.
Α ........ is a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor.
Α ........ is a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor.
Why do some certain taxa fail the “clade test”?
Why do some certain taxa fail the “clade test”?
....... compares selected traits to determine the order in which groups of organisms branched off from their common ancestor.
....... compares selected traits to determine the order in which groups of organisms branched off from their common ancestor.
....... is a diagram that uses cladistic analysis to link clades together.
....... is a diagram that uses cladistic analysis to link clades together.
How does a cladogram link a group of organisms?
How does a cladogram link a group of organisms?
A ......... is a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a linage and was passed to its descendants.
A ......... is a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a linage and was passed to its descendants.
Whether or not a character is derived depends on ...?
Whether or not a character is derived depends on ...?
.... is a derived character for the entire clade Tetrapoda.
.... is a derived character for the entire clade Tetrapoda.
..... is a derived character for the clade Mammalia.
..... is a derived character for the clade Mammalia.
...........is a derived character for Carnivora.
...........is a derived character for Carnivora.
..... is a derived character for the clade Felidae.
..... is a derived character for the clade Felidae.
Are both coyotes and lions a member of the clade Carnivora?
Are both coyotes and lions a member of the clade Carnivora?
What does the lowest branching point represent?
What does the lowest branching point represent?
Each derived character listed along the main trunk of the cladogram defines a .........
Each derived character listed along the main trunk of the cladogram defines a .........
What do all clades have in common?
What do all clades have in common?
What is the role of DNA in classification?
What is the role of DNA in classification?
What is a shared derived characteristic?
What is a shared derived characteristic?
Where do the closest related species appear on the cladogram?
Where do the closest related species appear on the cladogram?
What does a clade include?
What does a clade include?
What do scientists use to create a cladogram?
What do scientists use to create a cladogram?
What is the role of a root in a cladogram?
What is the role of a root in a cladogram?
The ..........illustrates current hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among the taxa within the three domains.
The ..........illustrates current hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among the taxa within the three domains.
What are the three domains of life?
What are the three domains of life?
Explain the members of the domain Bacteria.
Explain the members of the domain Bacteria.
Explain the members of the domain Archaea.
Explain the members of the domain Archaea.
Explain the members of domain Eukarya.
Explain the members of domain Eukarya.
The concept of descent with modification led to.....
The concept of descent with modification led to.....
..... is an ancestor that two or more descendants have in common.
..... is an ancestor that two or more descendants have in common.
A clade must be a ........group, a group that includes all species that are descended from a common ancestor and cannot include any species that are not descended from that common ancestor.
A clade must be a ........group, a group that includes all species that are descended from a common ancestor and cannot include any species that are not descended from that common ancestor.
A ......., in which an ancestral linage branch into 2 lineages, is the basis for each branch point or....
A ......., in which an ancestral linage branch into 2 lineages, is the basis for each branch point or....
Each ......represents the last point at which the new lineages shared a common ancestor.
Each ......represents the last point at which the new lineages shared a common ancestor.
A cladogram's ......... indicate degrees of relatedness among organisms.
A cladogram's ......... indicate degrees of relatedness among organisms.
An.......character is thought to have evolved in a common ancestor of both groups.
An.......character is thought to have evolved in a common ancestor of both groups.
What does the lowest node represents?
What does the lowest node represents?
The ......shows the order in which various groups branched off over the course of evolution.
The ......shows the order in which various groups branched off over the course of evolution.
The..... of the derived characters on the cladogram reflect the order in which those characteristics arose in this lineage
The..... of the derived characters on the cladogram reflect the order in which those characteristics arose in this lineage
What does the digestive system do?
What does the digestive system do?
What are the four steps of the digestive system?
What are the four steps of the digestive system?
What is ingestion?
What is ingestion?
What are the 2 ways of digestion?
What are the 2 ways of digestion?
What are the five organs used in the digestive system?
What are the five organs used in the digestive system?
What are the functions of each organ?
What are the functions of each organ?
What organs does the excretory system includes and what does it excretes?
What organs does the excretory system includes and what does it excretes?
What are the functions of each of the organs?
What are the functions of each of the organs?
What does the ureter,urinary bladder,and the urethra do?
What does the ureter,urinary bladder,and the urethra do?
What is the building block unit of the kidney?
What is the building block unit of the kidney?
What are the 3 steps of blood purification?
What are the 3 steps of blood purification?
What does the circulatory system transports and what does it remove?
What does the circulatory system transports and what does it remove?
A wall called ......... separates the oxygenated (left) from the deoxygenated (Right) ......
A wall called ......... separates the oxygenated (left) from the deoxygenated (Right) ......
Each lower chamber or ...... pumps blood
Each lower chamber or ...... pumps blood
What are the 4 valves?
What are the 4 valves?
How many chambers are there?
How many chambers are there?
The ......side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the hearts to the lungs.
The ......side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the hearts to the lungs.
The ........side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
The ........side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
What are the three types of blood vessels?
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Large vessels or ...... carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.
Large vessels or ...... carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.
Except for the........., All arteries carry oxygenated blood.
Except for the........., All arteries carry oxygenated blood.
Blood leaves the heart to go to the rest of the body through the....., the first of series of vessels that carries blood through the systematic circulation.
Blood leaves the heart to go to the rest of the body through the....., the first of series of vessels that carries blood through the systematic circulation.
The smallest blood vessels are the....... that their thin walls allow oxygen and nitrogen to diffuse from blood into tissues and allow carbon dioxide and other wastes to move from tissues to blood
The smallest blood vessels are the....... that their thin walls allow oxygen and nitrogen to diffuse from blood into tissues and allow carbon dioxide and other wastes to move from tissues to blood
After blood passes through capillaries, it returns to the heart through the....
After blood passes through capillaries, it returns to the heart through the....
How are arteries and veins alike and how are they different?
How are arteries and veins alike and how are they different?
Flashcards
Phylogeny
Phylogeny
The study of the evolutionary history of lineages of organisms.
Evolutionary Classifications
Evolutionary Classifications
Grouping species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent.
Clade
Clade
A group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor.
Cladistic Analysis
Cladistic Analysis
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Cladogram
Cladogram
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Derived Character
Derived Character
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Shared Derived Characteristic
Shared Derived Characteristic
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Common Ancestor
Common Ancestor
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Monophyletic Group
Monophyletic Group
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Speciation/Splitting Event
Speciation/Splitting Event
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Node
Node
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Ancestral Character
Ancestral Character
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Digestion
Digestion
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Ingestion
Ingestion
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Mechanical Digestion
Mechanical Digestion
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Chemical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
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Absorption
Absorption
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Elimination
Elimination
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Excretory System
Excretory System
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Nephron
Nephron
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Blood Filtration
Blood Filtration
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Blood Reabsorption
Blood Reabsorption
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Urine Excretion
Urine Excretion
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Circulatory System
Circulatory System
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Arteries
Arteries
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Capillaries
Capillaries
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Veins
Veins
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Atrium
Atrium
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Ventricle
Ventricle
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Study Notes
Modern Evolutionary Classification
- Phylogeny: The study of the evolutionary history of lineages of organisms.
- Evolutionary Classifications: Advances in phylogeny led to improved classifications, aiming to group species into larger categories reflecting evolutionary descent.
- Clade: A group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor.
- Larger Taxon: The more encompassing a taxon (group), the further back in time its members shared a common ancestor.
- Clade Test Failure: Some taxa fail the clade test because they include species descended from more than one different ancestor.
- Cladistic Analysis: Compares selected traits of organisms to determine the order in which groups branched off from their common ancestor.
- Cladogram: A diagram that utilizes cladistic analysis to display the relationships and branching order of lineages.
- Cladogram Linkage: Cladograms illustrate hypotheses on how evolutionary lineages branched off from shared common ancestors.
Derived Characters
- Derived Character: A trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a lineage and was passed to its descendants.
- Character Derivation Dependence: The derivation of a character depends on the level at which organisms are grouped.
- Examples of Derived Characters:
- Tetrapoda (four limbs) is a derived character for vertebrates
- Hair is a derived character for mammals.
- Specialized shearing teeth are a derived character for the Felidae (cats) family.
- Retractable claws are a derived character for the Felidae (cats) family.
Common Ancestor and Relationships
- Common Ancestor: An ancestor shared by two or more descendants.
- Monophyletic Group: A group that includes all species descended from a common ancestor and does not include any species not descended from that ancestor.
- Node: Represents the last point at which new lineages shared a common ancestor.
- Branching Patterns: Illustrate degrees of relatedness among organisms within a cladogram.
- Ancestral Character: A character thought to have evolved in a common ancestor of various groups.
Domains of Life
- Three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
- Bacteria: Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms with rigid cell walls containing peptidoglycan
- Archaea: Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan and have unusual lipids.
- Eukarya: Include organisms (protists, fungi, plants, and animals) with cells containing a nucleus.
Digestive System
- Digestive System Function: Converts food to small molecules usable by the body's cells.
- Steps of Digestion: Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination
- Ingestion: Putting food into the mouth.
- Digestion: Mechanical (physical) and chemical breakdown of food.
- Digestive Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.
Excretory System
- Organs Involved: Skin, lungs, liver, and kidneys.
- Excreted Wastes: Metabolic wastes from the body.
- Specific Organ Functions:
- Skin: Removes excess water, salts, and urea.
- Liver: Removes urea.
- Lungs: Remove carbon dioxide and water vapor.
- Kidney: Removes urine.
- Urinary System Elements: Ureter, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra.
Circulatory System
- Transport Functions: Carries oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body; removes wastes.
- Major Vessels: Arteries, veins, and capillaries.
- Oxygenated Blood Transport: Arteries (except pulmonary arteries) carry oxygenated blood.
- Deoxygenated Blood Transport: Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- Heart Chambers and Valves: Four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) and four valves to ensure one-way blood flow.
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Description
This quiz focuses on modern evolutionary classification methods, emphasizing phylogeny and clades. It explores how these concepts have revolutionized the way we categorize species based on their evolutionary history. Test your understanding of cladistic analysis and the relationships among organisms.
