Biology Mind Maps (English) PDF

small, simple, unicellular no Nucleus, circular DNA, lack membrane Prokaryotic cell Building blocks of life in cork ((Dead Cell)...

small, simple, unicellular no Nucleus, circular DNA, lack membrane Prokaryotic cell Building blocks of life in cork ((Dead Cell) e.g. - bacteria, cynobacria, mycoplasma 1st by Robert Hooke (1665) Definition Fundamental unit of life Father of cytology Types of cell large, complex, unicellular & multicellular Structural or functional basis of life by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1674) in pond water (Living Cell) Nucleus & Membrane present, linear DNA Eukaryotic cell Discovery by Robert Brown (1831) Nucleus G1 - Growth e.g. - Plant, Animal by Fredrick Mischer (1869) Molecule discovery of DNA S - DNA synthesis phases Watson & Crick (1953) Double-helical structure of DNA G2 - Gorwth & preparation for mitosis Thin, elastic, flexible, Living by Camillo Golgi Golgi bodies M - Mitosis provide definite shape & holds content Cell membrane occurs in Somatic cells Cell Division Selectively permeable Nucleus divides once Mitosis Proteins+lipids (composition) diploid (2), 2 daughter cells Provides determines shape, strength & Types: turgidity occurs in Germ Cells Powerhouse of the cell Freely permeable, Non-living Nucleus divides twice Meiosis ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Energy currency Cell wall Plants - made up of Cellulose haploid (1), 4 daughter cells Mitochondria Outer: Porous Bacterial - made up of Peptidoglycan Two-membranes Inner: ATP synthesis Fungi - made up of Chitin Has its own DNA & Ribosomes Largest cell structure Suicidal bag of the cell Lysosomes Cell “Brain of the cell” Cis face - towards nucleus Nucleus Composed of membranes & Covers Nucleus Nuclear envelope Trans face - towards plasma membrane Golgi bodies Separates nucleus from cytoplasm Parts of Cell Stores, modification of package Components Liquid ground substance of nuclear envelope Functions Forms lysosomes one or more in number Cell organelles Nucleoplasm Nucleolus Rough ER: makes proteins, ribosomes present forms protein forming centres-Ribosomes Endoplasmic Smooth ER: synthesis of fats and lipids, Reticulum Types Entangled mass of thread like structures ribosomes absent Thread like structures Large, distinct, Permanent Chromatin material visible during cell division in plants Provide turgidity & rigidity DNA Consists of genes Vacuoles Chromosome Components: Small, temporary Proteins in animals stores glucose, glycogen, protein 22 pairs (autosomal) 23 Pairs Only in plant cell 1 pair (sex pair - XX & XY) Has its own DNA & Ribosomes Plastids Parts between plasma membrane & nuclear envelope stores chlorophyll pigment Chloroplasts Cytoplasm Cell organelles present in it stores colour pigment Chromoplasts Types Cytos: Aqueous ground substance Stores starch, oil and protein granules Leucoplasts  Food storage tissue contain intercellular airy spaces Aerenchyma which helps to float Parenchyma Chlorenchyma contains chlorophyll in leaf stalks & stem of dicots Present in growing reason Living, Irregularly thickened at corners, little intercellular space Collenchyma Vocuoles absent Provides mechanical strength & flexibility Intercellular space absent Allows bending of parts active cell in Outer parts dence Cytoplasm Meristematic tissue Dead cells Simple tissue Sclerenchyma Provides toughness to the tissue perform cell division Outermost layer of plant parts Present at shoot & root apex Plants of dry habitats have thicker Increase length of root & stem Apical tissue epidermis Present at the base of leaves/internodes Cutin is waxy materials & Layer of cutin is Epidermis called cuticle Increase length of leaves & internodes Intercalary tissue Type Cuticle prevents water loss, Injury & Fungi Present beneath the bark infection Increase girth of root or stem Lateral tissue Epidermal cells of roots form long hair like Plant Tissue Protective tissue structures which increase absorption surface area Permanent tissue in mature roots and shoots Cork Protection to mature roots and shoots Dead, Intercellular spaces absent, Walls have suberin Cell wall in thin/thick one-way conduction large central vacuoles Conducts water & minerals Xylem parenchyma by the process of differentiation Xylem - food storage Meristematic convert in Permanent Tracheids Living Types Vessels Complex tissue Xylem fibres/sclerenchyma two-way conduction Conducts food Sieve tubes Phloem Companion cells Types Phloem parenchyma - food storage Phloem fibers/Sclerenchyma - rigidity & support  Cells + loose gel like matrix Around blood vessels & nerves, in bone Covering/protective tissues of animal body Loose marrow & space inside organs extremely thin, flat, Irregularly shaped Connects skin + muscles, Supports internal organs, Helps in repair of tissues Single layer of cells Areolar Connects muscles to bones Squamous Simple Forms delicate lining Tendons Great strength & Limited flexibility eg: mouth and oesophagus Dense Connects bones to bones Cells are arranged in layers Ligaments Considerable strength Stratified Prevent wear and tear rounded/oval & contain large fat droplets Epithelial eg: Skin Below the skin Adipose Cube like structure Cuboidal Prevents mechanical shocks, Act as eg: Sweat glands, Salivary glands, Thyroid insulation glands, Lining of Kidney tubules flexible, Widely spaced out Pillar like structure Cartilage Columnar present in Ear pinna, nose tip, trachea, larynx Skeletal Animal Tissue Lining of intestine, stomach, gallbladder Very strong, Non flexible, Hard and rigid have Cilia (hair like projections on surface) Supports the body & Provides shape Bones which facilitates movement Ciliated Protects vital body organs like brain, lungs, Connective Movement of mucus, urine, egg etc etc. 92% water & 8% harmones, protines etc Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves Plasma Liquid yellow fluid Nervous Fundamental unit: Neuron Red due to hemoglobin (Fe) Sense stimuli: Touch, Smell, Taste, Hearing & transports oxygen Sight Graveyard of RBC: Spleen RBC Blood Biconcave / disc shaped Are elongated & large sized known as erythrocytes Contraction & relaxation Life span: 120 days Unbranched, multinucleated & Striations Helps in blood clotting Skeletal Fast, Easily fatigue & Voluntary known as thrombocytes Platelets Solid present in Biceps, bone Life span: 7-10 days Fluid Muscular Unbranched, Uninucleated & Non-striations Prevent from infection formed in bone marrow Smooth/Visceral Slow, Do not fatigue & Involuntary Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, present in soft interior organs: lung, liver, Types WBC Basophils & Eosinophils abdomen, intestines known as leukocytes Branched, uninucleated & Striations Life span: 12 days Cardiac Do not fatigue & Involuntary Colourless fluid Lymph Help to pump & distribute blood RBCs & Blood proteins are absent  Locomotion through appendages Cell wall is absent except Euglena can be Autotrophic/Heterotrophic Unicellular Protista eg: Unicellular algae, diatoms, protozoa mostly aquatic, solitary or colonial free living/parasitic/symbiotic Cilia - hair-like structure Helps in movement PHYLUM PROTOZOA Paramecium Diversity in living Flagellum - tail-like structure Helps in movement organism Euglena Pseudopod - false feet Helps in movement Amoeba Multicellular except yeast Can be autotrophic/heterotrophic Eukaryotes Cell wall is made up of complex sugar chitin Cell wall maybe present/absent Monera Prokaryotes in symbiotic relationship (benefit from each other) eg: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Lichen - Blue green algae + fungi Cynobacteria (Blue-green algae) Used in medicine Fungi Penicillin Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin Used in bakery Yeast Heterotrophic Cell wall present Saprophytic: Decaying organic material as food Parasitic: Dependent on protoplasm of a Multicellular host organism for food Plantae Cell wall absent Animalia  PLANTAE don't have diff. body part have diff. body part Thallophyta Without vascular tissue With vascular tissue Plants are called as algae Bryophyta Cryptogams Phanerogams (don't produce seeds) (produce seeds) Green algae: Chlorophyceae Amphibians of Plant Kingdom Pteridophytes Bear naked seeds Bear covered seeds Root like structures present: Rhizoids Chlorella Autotrophic, non-motile Found in cracks of rocks, Gymnosperms Angiosperms moist & shady places Red algae: Rhodophyceae Found in damp and moist areas First terrestrial plants Usually perennials, evergreen flowering plants, highly evolved Brown algae: Phaeophyceae & mostly woody plants eg: Riccia, Moss (funaria), Marchantia eg: Marsilea and fern, Horsetails Ovary gets modified into fruit eg: Pinnes, Cycas & Deodar Sargassum grass, Lamanaria (Kelps) Embryos have structure: Cotyledons Blue green algae: Cyanobacteria Monocots (One cotyledon) eg: Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Ulva, and Chara Type Dicots (Two cotylodeons)  Organ system organisation Cellular level organization Bilateral symmetry Diploblastic & Acoelomate Triploblastic & coelomate have pores so it called sponges Notochord: rod like structure Porifera Non-mobile, aquatic Paired gills slits in pharynx Endoskeleton is present Tissue level organisation Closed blood vascular system eg: Scyon, Euplectella, Spongilla Radial symmetry Do not have proper notochord Diploblastic & Acoelomate Nerve cord is present Protochordata Cnidaria/ Aquatic eg: Herdmania, Amphioxus, Balanogesus Coelenterata Chordata Exoskeleton made of calcium carbonate jawless vertebrates Cyclostomata Anus is absent eg: Petromyzon/Myxine, hog fishes, lamprey Organ level organisation fishes eg: Jelly fish, Coral and hydra Bilateral symmetry 2 Chambered heart Pieces Triploblastic & Acoelomate eg: Dog fish, Shark, tuna Anus is absent mucous glands in skin for respiration Platyhelminthes dorsoventrally flattened body (like ribbon) 3 chambered heart Amphibians eg: Frogs, toads, salamader parasitic or free living 3 chambered heart Hermaphrodite (Male+Female part present) Vertebrates Organ system organisation Exception: Crocodile (4 chambered heart) eg: Planareia, Liverfluke, Tape worm Reptiles Cold blooded animals Bilateral symmetry Largest phylum in animal kingdom eg: snake, turtle, lizard, crocodile Triploblastic & Pseudocoelom warm blooded animals Organ system organisation Nematodes/ Body is cylindrical 4 chambered heart Aves Bilateral symmetry Aschelmithes eg: Elephantiasis (filarial worms) & Worms in lay eggs intestines (roundworms/pinworms) Triploblastic & coelomate warm blooded organism jointed legs ANIMALIA Organ system organisation Sexes are separate Bilateral symmetry 4 chambered heart Segmented body into head, thorax/cahals mammary glands Mammalian thorax, abdomen Arthropoda Triploblastic & coelomate Exception: Mammals but lay eggs Open circulatory system Annelida Body segmetation is present eg: Platypus & echidnas 2nd largest phylum Locomotory organs paired, lateral Exoskeleton is made of chitin appendages - Parapodia (Nereis) eg: Human, Whale, Dolphins Organ system organisation Unisexual eg: Earthworms, Leech Organ system organisation Bilateral symmetry eg: Spider, Crab, Crayfish, Silverfish Radial symmetry Triploblastic & coelomate Mollusca Triploblastic & coelomate Body is soft Exoskeleton is hard (snails) Spiny skinned organism Echinodermata Star shaped, spherical, elongated Open circulatory system No segmentation eg: Octopus, Pila, Unio, Snail eg: Star fish, Brittle Stars, Sea urchins  Not growth related Nastic Movement eg: movement by touch: Thigmonastic Movement (touch me not plant) Brain Central Nervous System Growth related Spinal Cord Nervous System in response to light Peripheral Nervous System Nerves Plant Movement Longest cell in our body Positive movement: Shoots Phototropic Negative movement: Roots Neuron basic unit of nervous system in response to water Nerves Glial cells Positive movement: Roots Hydrotropism Tropic Movement Synapse Gap between nerve Negative movement: Shoots in response to chemical stimuli Cerebrum Memory Chemotropism eg: Growth of pollen tube towards the ovule Fore Brain Thalamus Pain and Sensation in response to Gravity Released by thyroid gland Regulates body temperature (largest endocrine gland) Hypothalamus Hunger, thrust & Sleet Positive movement: Roots Geotropism Located in neck region Thyroxine Controls involuntary actions such as change in Negative movement: Shoots pupil size & reflex movements deficiency of Iodine cause Goitre in it Brain Mid Brain vision, hearing secreted by pituitary gland (Master Gland) known as Somatotropin BRAIN Cerebellum Controls posture and balance Growth Hormone Hind Brain Pons Connects Brain and Spinal Cord less amount leads to dwarfism Controls Automatic Nervous System surplus amount leads to Acromegaly Medulla Oblongata (ANS) - Respiration/heartbeat/Digestion regulates blood pressure, heart beat Growth hormone located above kidneys Auxin involved in phototropism Adrenal Gland Animals Hormones (response towards light) Fight or Flight hormone Growth hormone Deficiency causes - Addison’s disease Gibbrelin Responsible for germination/flowering Secreted by Pancreas Insulin & Glucagon regulates sugar levels Plant Hormones Cytokinins Promote cell division It inhibits growth male Testosterone Abscisic Acid Sex Hormones stress hormone female Estrogen/Progesterone Gaseous hormone Regulate sleep Ethylene helps in fruit ripening Released by Pineal Gland Melatonin (pea-sized gland) located in brain  involves a single parent divides into two offsprings BINARY FISSION Only for unicellular organisms involves two parents eg: Amoeba, Bcteria, Paramecium, Leishmania Reproductive organ in plants: Flower divides into many offsprings supports anther Filament Male part called MULTIPLE FISSION Only for unicellular organisms STAMEN produces pollen Anther eg: Plasmodium (Malarial parasite) sticky bulb that catches pollen Stigma Female part called Breaks into half which is not passageway for grain Style fully develop & become a new one PISTIL holds the eggs awaiting fertilisation. FRAGMENTATION only for simple multicellular organisms Ovary Becomes the fruit in PLANT Anemophily - Wind eg: spirogyra & sea anemone pollen grains reach Develops buds to be new one Hydrophily - Water Pollination stigma through Antemophily - Insect BUDDING only for simple multicellular organisms SEXUAL eg: Hibiscus, sunflower, rose, lily, tulip, Male + female part = eg: hydra & yeast tomato, chilli Bisexual/Monoecious repairs or regenerates the missing part of body eg: Papaya, cucumber, watermelon, musk Only Male or Female = ASEXUAL melon, bitter guard Unisexual REGENERATION only for simple multicellular organisms produce form Testicle Sperm Male sex cells eg: planaria, hydra & rhizopus produce form Overy Ovum Female sex cells Bob and stick like structures that releases spores Menarche - Ovaries start to mature & produce SPORE FORMATION only for simple multicellular organisms eggs (age 11-12 yrs) eg: Rhizopus Menopause -natural decline in producing eggs (age 40-50yrs) grow from a fragment or cutting of parent plants Gametogenesis > Insemination > stem or leaf is cut and planted into soi Fertilisation > Zygote > Implantation > in HUMANS CUTTING Gestation REPRODUCTION eg: rose plant, money plant, sugarcane plant, banana plant Cervical cancer - VEGETATIVE by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) PROPAGATION stem of the plant is bent to the ground and covered with soil LAYERING fertility treatment where eggs are combined IVF (In vitro fertilisation) eg: Lemon, strawberry with the sperm outside the body in a lab surgically blocking fallopian tube Tubectomy cutting from some other plant attached to the stem of a plant Methods of GRAFTING surgically blocking Vas deferens Vasectomy Sterilisation eg: Rose plant asexual reproduction in which of embryo occurred directly from egg Scientific artificial vegetative propagation without fertilis TISSUE CULTURE Parthenogenesis eg: Snake plant eg: Honey bees, lizard  known as Buccal Cavity Mouth Saliva Gland releases Salivary Amylase enzyme breaks complex carbohydrates to simple carbohydrates 1.5 m long Absorb water from food Large intestine Food pipe Oesophagus store the waste material food directly goes to stomach Rectum further releases through Anus known as Gastric juice HCl kills harmful bacteria allows food to pass from make acidic medium Sphincter muscle stomach to small intestine works in acidic medium 7-8 m long Stomach Pepsin breaks protein into Amino acids 3 parts - Duodenum, Jejunum & Ileum protects inner delicate lining of Major part of digestion occur here Mucus membrane stomach from gastric juice largest gland secreted by liver DIGESTIVE SYSTEM dark red brown in colour basic/alkaline medium Bile juice Position - right of abdomen side large Fat globules into Smaller one Small intestine star shaped phagocytic cells secreted by Pancreas Liver Kupffer cells involved in breakdown of RBCs breaks carbs amylase major parenchymal cells fats into fatty acid lipase Pancreatic juice Hepatocytes responsible for various cellular functions Works in basic medium trypsin not a part of Alimentary Canal proteins into amino acid e finger-like projections Villi help in increase of surface area for food absorption  absence of oxygen in yeast Anaerobic respiration Breathing starts from it Ethanol + CO2 + Energy Nostrils hairs and mucus purifies the air in nose oxygen in minute concentration in muscle cells Pharynx where both food and air enters Lack of oxygen Type Lactic acid + Energy Develops cramps in muscle Adam’s apple larynx - sound box presence of oxygen boney structure in mitochondria Aerobic respiration protect Lungs CO2 + Water + Energy Rib cage Inhale - expand Exhale - contract Connected to capillaries RESPIRATORY Sheet-like structure supplies this oxygen to blood capillaries SYSTEM Diaphragm Inhale - move downward Nitrogen - 78% Exhale - move upward Oxgen - 21% Breathe in Alveoli Carbon Dioxide - 0.036% Prevents trachea from collapsing rings of Nitrogen - 78% cartilage Oxygen passes thorugh Trachea > bronchus > Bronchi Oxygen - 16% Breathe out Carbon Dioxide - 4.4%  Pacemaker (Artificial Heart) Sphygmomanometer To measure arterial blood pressure Discovery - Karl Landsteiner carries oxygenated blood Universal donor - O (-ve) Arteries Narrow, thicker Universal acceptor - AB (+ve) Exception : by YM Bhende Pulmonary artery - carries deoxygenated in 1952, Bombay Blood Group Heart carries deoxygenated blood Lacks H antigen on RBCs Bombay blood Veins Exception : cannot take blood from anyone Pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood protein on the surface of RBCs heart contracts Systole Protein present - Rh(+ve) Rh factor 120 mm of Hg pressure Protein absent - Rh(-ve) heart relaxes Diastole 80 mm of Hg pressure form L. Ventricle to Body Arota CIRCULATION Largest artery From Body to R. Atrium Superior & Inferior from Lungs to L. Atrium SYSTEM Vena Cava carry deoxygenated blood Form L. Atrium to L. Ventricle Pulmonary Vein Form R. Atrium to R. Ventricle through Mitral valve through Tricuspid valve Pulmonary Artery from R. Ventricle to Lungs  Basic unit - Nephron (specialised cells) Millions of nephron present in one kidney Ultrafiltration (filters everything) Glomerulus Right kidney is slightly lower than left kidney Reabsorption & removal Bowman's capsule of nutrients/urea Kidney to heart Water - 95% Nephron kidney Renal vein Deoxygenated blood Urea - 2% Kidney stone made of Calcium oxalate pH: 4.5-5 Urine component Artificial process to remove the waste from blood Yellow due to Dialysis Urobilin/Urochrome When both kidney malfunctions Waste product EXCRETORY SYSTEM Solid by kidneys Kidney converts ammonia to urea Liquid by skin Ammonia Waste removal Urea is major excretory product Gaseous by lungs Urine > Ureter > Urinary bladder Yellow solid waste from anus due to bilirubin  DNA genetic material encoded in a protein envelope known as Capsid RNA behave as Non-living outside diseases that last for a short period of time Become active after getting a host Acute disease eg: fever, cold, cough Prokaryotes, Unicellular and living entity cannot be treated with antibiotics diseases that last for a long period of time genetic material is called genophore affects liver Chronic diseases (bacterial DNA) Protozoa - plasmodium eg: Diabetes, TB, elephantiasis (filaria) Hepatitis A: Transmission through food Divides on its own Carrier - female Anopheles mosquito diseases that spread from one person to Hepatitis B: Sexually transmitted through another Hepatitis Parasitic/Saprophytic bodily fluids Treatment - Quinine (found in bark of Malaria cinchona tree) COMMUNICABLE eg: AIDS, cold, chicken pox, COVID Antibiotics used to treat Hepatitis C: Transmitted when in contact with infected blood Detection - VIVAX TEST infectious diseases Death due to plague known as - Black Death Malaria Day - 25th April Classification diseases that cannot spread from contact India’s first indigenous Hepatitis-A vaccine: Havisure 1897-1906 - 12 Million death in India Plague Protozoa Protozoa - Trypanosoma NON-COMMUNICABLE non-infectious diseases Sleeping Sickness Jaundice mainly affects liver Caused by - Yersinia pestis Carrier - Tse Tse flies eg: diabetes, arthritis, glaucoma, polio Mums affects the parotid salivary glands Affects skin Protozoa - Leishmania Sudden an intention cases across several Kala Azar Pandemic Virus - Poliomyelitis virus Entovirus countries, continents, or the world Also known as Hansen’s Disease Leprosy Carrier - Sandfly eradicated from India, as declared in 2023 Sudden increase in cases spreading through Caused by: Mycobacterium leprae Epidemic a large population affects the nervous system Clostridium tetani Tetanus These disease are constantly present in a Polio 1st polio vaccine - by Dr. Jonas Salk Endemic population or region with relatively low Diphtheria spread Whooping cough Inactivated (killed) polio vaccine (IPV) Affects respiratory tract - by Dr. John Salk Affects reproductive organs Gonorrhoea Bacteria DISEASES VIRUS Live attenuated (weakened) oral polio vaccine (OPV) - by Dr. Albert Sabin Streptococcus Pneumonia caused due to gene malfunction (meiosis) affects the cervix region in women pneumoniae Baldness Down Syndrome Cervical Cancer Virus - Human Papillomavirus Salmonella typhi Athlete’s foot Thalassemia Detected through - Smear Test Typhoid Widal Test Mendelian Disorders Ring worm Fungi Sickle Cell Anaemia Dengue carrier - female Aedes aegypti mosquito Change in gene (gene defects) Transferred through animals Anthrax Skin disease Scabies GENETIC DISORDERS Colour blindness sexually-transmitted diseases Caused by - Mycobacterium tuberculosis Asthma X-chromosome is missing, virus - HIV (Human Turner’s Syndrome Retrovirus Mainly attack lungs seen only in female Immunodeficiency Virus) Tuberclosis (TB) Commonly referred as White Plague Albinism death - due to weak immune system Vaccine - BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) Angelman Syndrome Acquired Immunodeficiency method of transmission - sexual contact, Syndrome (AIDS) blood transfusions, from mother to baby Caused by: Vibrio cholera Presence of an extra copy of Klienfelter Syndrome X-chromosome in males test - ELISA Test (Enzyme-linked It is a water borne disease Cholera Immunosorbent Assay) Death due to cholera known as AIDS DAY - 1st Dec - Blue Death