OCR Biology Midyear Exam '24-25 Study Guide PDF

Biology Midyear Exam ‘24-’25 Study Guide Exam Format 2 Open Response Questions- Must answer open response #1. You can choose to answer open response #2 or #3. 60 Multiple Choice Unit #1: Introduction to Biology Unit #1 Vocabulary Scientifi...

Biology Midyear Exam ‘24-’25 Study Guide Exam Format 2 Open Response Questions- Must answer open response #1. You can choose to answer open response #2 or #3. 60 Multiple Choice Unit #1: Introduction to Biology Unit #1 Vocabulary Scientific method Evidence Independent variable Observation Experiment Theory Hypothesis Dependent variable Law Prediction Control Variable Control group Unit #1 Key Concepts/Skills Scientific method Can you infer using your observations as evidence? Can you construct a hypothesis? Can you analyze and interpret data? Experimental design Can you identify independent and dependent variables? Can you design and analyze a controlled experiment to test a hypothesis? Scientific Theories Can you differentiate between hypotheses, theories, and laws? Graphing Skills Can I graph and interpret data? (Titles, labeled axis, key if needed, proper use of space) Unit #1 Practice Problems 1. What is the difference between a hypothesis, theory, and law? 2. A scientist was eager to learn what happens to squirrels in winter. She studied 800 squirrels, with 200 living at 35 °C, 200 living at 25 °C, 200 living at 15 °C, and 200 living at 5°C. All squirrels were given the same amount of food, space to live, access to light, identical nests, etc. She weighed the squirrels to measure their well-being. Identify the following in the experiment: A. Independent variable: ______________________________________ B. Dependent variable: ______________________________________ C. Controls: _____________________________________________________________ D. Hypothesis: 3. Create a line graph using the data in the chart below. A. List all the components that should be included in a graph. B. What is the control group in this experiment? ________________________________ C. What are the experimental groups in this experiment? __________________________ Unit #2: Biochemistry Unit #2 Vocabulary Polarity Polysaccharide Chemical reaction Polar molecule Protein Reactant Hydrogen bond Amino acid Product Cohesion Enzyme Energy Adhesion Lipid Activation energy Organic compound Fatty acids Catalyst Chemical bond Phospholipid Enzyme Carbohydrate Nucleic acids Substrate Monosaccharide RNA Active site Glucose DNA Unit #2 Key Concepts/Skills Properties of Water Can you draw a water molecule? Can you identify the properties of water? Macromolecules Can you describe the basic structure and function of the four major macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids? Biochemical Reactions Can you identify reactants and products in chemical reactions? Can you explain the conversation of matter using chemical reactions? Can you break down how energy is involved in a chemical reaction? Enzymes Can you compare and contrast biochemical reactions with and without enzymes? Can you explain how enzymes work? Can you design and conduct an experiment to test if acid affects the activity of enzymes in Lactaid? (Lactase Lab) Unit #2 Practice Problems 1. Identify the macromolecule associated with the following: A. Storing energy for a long time: ____________________ B. Acting as enzymes: ____________________ C. Storing relatively readily available energy: ____________________ D. Storing and transmitting genetic information: ____________________ 2. Identify the macromolecule associated with the following monomer: A. Amino acid: ____________________ B. Nucleotide: ____________________ C. Fatty acids and glycerol: ____________________  D. Monosaccharide: ____________________ 3. Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose. What type of macromolecule are lactase and lactose? 5. Draw an energy graph of an endothermic reaction on the right. A. Label the energy of the reactants, the activation energy, and the energy of the products. B. On the same graph, draw how it changes when it is catalyzed by an enzyme. Label and use a different color to indicate the new line. C. Explain how enzymes catalyze reactions chemical reactions. 6. The overall equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O +ATP A. The reactants are: __________________________________________ B. The products are: __________________________________________ C. What product is missing from the equation above? ________________ Unit #3: Cells/Cell Transport Unit #3 Vocabulary Cells Eukaryotic cells Nucleus Prokaryotic cells Organelle Cell membrane Semipermeability/ Golgi apparatus Passive transport Selective permeability Lysosomes Active transport Phospholipid bilayer Vacuoles Osmosis Hydrophobic Centrioles Solute Hydrophilic Chloroplasts Solution Cytoplasm Cell wall Hypotonic Cytoskeleton Diffusion Hypertonic Ribosomes Equilibrium Isotonic Mitochondria Facilitated diffusion Endocytosis Endoplasmic reticulum Transport protein Exocytosis Unit #3 Key Concepts/Skills Cell Theory Can I explain three components of cell theory? Organelles Structure and Function Can I compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Can I illustrate the structure and function of each organelle? Can I demonstrate the role of the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane function? Cell Transport Can I differentiate between the types of passive and active transport? Can I determine the movement of molecules across the cell membrane based on concentration gradients? Can I predict the movement of water in hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions? Can I test what happens when plant cells are placed in environments that have different salt concentrations? (Cell Membranes: Diffusion and Osmosis Lab) Unit #3 Practice Problems 1. Name the organelle the most associated with each of the following words and phrases: A. Housing DNA: ______________________ B. Cellular respiration: ______________________ C. Photosynthesis: ______________________ D. Organization and packaging of cellular materials: ______________________ E. Digestion: ______________________ F. Protein synthesis: ______________________ 2. Describe the pathway of a protein leaving the cell. In your explanation, make sure to include the names of the organelles it interacts with. 3. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 4. How can you tell if a cell is a plant cell? 5. Complete the chart by answering each question in the correct box. Simple Facilitated Osmosis Protein Endocytosis Diffusion Diffusion Pumps & Exocytosis Active or passive transport? Does it require energy? High to low or low to high? Does it use proteins? 6. In the drawing below, the red blood cells are in a saltwater solution. Label the following cells as isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic. Explain how you could tell from the picture. Unit #4: Metabolism Unit #4: Metabolism Unit #4 Vocabulary Autotrophs Heterotrophs ADP ATP Stroma Pyruvate Light reactions Electron (energy) carriers Krebs cycle Calvin cycle Cellular respiration Electron transport chain Photosynthesis Aerobic ATP synthase Anaerobic Alcoholic fermentation Chloroplast Lactic acid fermentation Thylakoid Glycolysis Unit #4 Key Concepts/Skills Introduction to Metabolism/ATP Can I identify the differences between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Can I compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Can I explain the role of glucose and ATP as energy-carrying molecules? Photosynthesis Can I identify the structure and functions of each part of the chloroplast used in photosynthesis? Can I explain how light energy is converted into chemical energy in photosynthesis? Can I collect and analyze data from a controlled experiment to determine how photosynthesis and cellular respiration affect oxygen concentration? Cellular Respiration Can I identify the structure and functions of each part of the mitochondria used in cellular respiration? Can I describe what occurs in the three stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain? Can I explain how energy from glucose is released through cellular respiration to ATP? Fermentation Can I explain how fermentation makes ATP using only glycolysis? Unit #4 Practice Problems 1. Write the chemical formula for photosynthesis in words and symbols. ___________ + ___________ + ___________ → ___________ + ___________ 2. Write the chemical formula for cellular respiration in words and symbols. ___________ + ___________ → ___________ + ___________ + ___________ 3. Identify where cellular respiration and photosynthesis occur in the cell. 4. Use the terms “anabolic” and “catabolic” to describe cellular respiration and photosynthesis are connected. 5. Which part of cellular respiration is also found in fermentation? How many ATPs are produced by one glucose in fermentation? How does this compare to cellular respiration? 6. Explain how ATP stores and releases energy. Unit #5: Cell Division Unit #5 Vocabulary Cell division Gap 1 (G1) Prophase Parent cell Synthesis (S) Metaphase Daughter cell Gap 2 (G2) Anaphase Chromosome Checkpoints Telophase Mitosis Chromatin Centrioles Cytokinesis Centromere Spindle Interphase Genes Cytokinesis Mitotic phase Homologous chromosomes Binary fission Unit #5 Key Concepts/Skills Cell Cycle Can I compare and contrast cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Can I list what occurs in the phases of the cell cycle in eukaryotes? Can I describe how the cell cycle is regulated with checkpoints? Mitosis Can I describe the structure and function of chromosomes? Can I model what occurs in each stage of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase? Can I differentiate cytokinesis in plant and animal cells? Unit #5 Practice Problems 1. Name three reasons why mitosis might occur. 2. Scientists like to use similar words to describe different concepts in a discipline. Define these terms students often use incorrectly: centriole, centromere, chromatin, chromosome, gene, cell division, binary fission. 3. What is the purpose of checkpoints in the cell cycle? Directions: Use the images below to answer #4-7. 4. Sequence the five diagrams in chronological order from first to last. ____, ____, ____, ____, ____ 5. Which phase do chromosomes move to the middle of the cell during? 6. When do the sister chromatids separate? 7. During which phase do chromosomes first become visible?