Chlorophyll and Other Pigments PDF

CHLOROPHYLL and other Pigments TERMS TO REMEMBER PHOTOSYNTHESIS Types of Pigments in Plants → Definition: Process capturing light 1. Chlorophylls energy to convert it into sugars → Role: Essential for pho...

CHLOROPHYLL and other Pigments TERMS TO REMEMBER PHOTOSYNTHESIS Types of Pigments in Plants → Definition: Process capturing light 1. Chlorophylls energy to convert it into sugars → Role: Essential for photosynthesis → Process: Begins with light absorption → reflects green light and absorbs violet- by organic pigments blue and orange-red light Types of Chlorophylls BIOLOGICAL PIGMENTS (Biochromes) → Chlorophyll a & b: Primary → Definition: Intense-colored chemical photosynthetic pigments compounds used for coloration Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b → Properties: Insoluble in water; appear as ground particles in solid Contains methyl group in Contains an aldehyde form the third position of its group in the third chlorin ring position of its chlorin → Location: Found in plants and ring animals, within plastids Principal pigment that Accessory pigments PLASTID captures sunlight for that collects → Definition: Double-membrane photosynthesis sunlight and passes it into Chlorophyll a organelle in plants and algae → Function: Manufactures and stores Absorbs violet- blue and Absorbs orange- red food orange- red light from light from the spectrum the spectrum TYPES OF PLASTIDS → Chloroplasts: Contain chlorophyll Reflects blue green in Reflects yellow green color in color → Chromoplasts: Pigments from aging chloroplasts Found in all plants, algae, Found in all plants and → Gerontoplasts: Aged chromoplasts and cyanobacteria green algae → Leucoplasts: In roots and stems; store starch, proteins, lipids  → Chlorophyll c: Found in certain → Colors: Yellow, red, blue, purple photosynthetic Chromista and some → Role in Plants: Provide visual cues marine algae for pollinators and seed dispersers; → Chlorophyll d: Exclusive to red algae contribute to the colors of ripening → Chlorophyll e: Very rare; found in fruit golden algae → Properties: Antioxidant; used as natural dyes 2. Carotenoids → Health Benefits for Humans: → Common Types: Carotenes and May help lower cholesterol levels xanthophylls (e.g., lycopene) Commonly used as dietary → Location: In chloroplasts and supplements in food products chromoplasts of green plants 4. Betalains (masked by chlorophyll) and in → Common Types: Betacyanins and vegetables like carrots and mangoes betaxanthins → Colors: Oranges, reds, yellows, pinks → Location: In the cell vacuole of → Function in Plants: Capture light flowers and fungi energy and transfer it to chlorophyll → Colors: Red to violet, also yellow to a; protect the photosynthetic system orange from UV damage → Role in Plants: Attract animals to → Antioxidant: Helps neutralize free flowers and fruits radicals → Uses: Commonly used as natural → Health Benefits for Humans: food colorants Source of vitamin A Promotes good eyesight CHLOROPLAST Regulates cell growth and division 1. Outer and Inner Membrane Supports white blood cell production - Outer and inner covering of the Assists in bone remodeling chloroplast. 2. Stroma 3. Flavonoids - Space between the thylakoid and → Common Types: Anthocyanins, inner membrane aurones, chalcones, flavonols, and - Site of the Calvin cycle phase of proanthocyanidins photosynthesis → Location: In the cell vacuole of 3. Stroma lamellae common plants like berries, - Skeleton of the chloroplast eggplant, and citrus fruits; also - Separate stacks of thylakoid present in teas, wine, and chocolate  4. Granum - Role in Photosynthesis: Site of - Stacks of thylakoid the light-dependent phase 5. Thylakoid - Function: Contains the photosystems of the chloroplast, essential for photosynthesis - Composition: Made up of pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids) and proteins that absorb light energy 1. Photosynthesis, begins with the absorption of light energy by a specialized form of organic molecules called chlorophyll. 2. Chlorophylls, stimulates photosynthesis by reflecting green light and absorbed violet - blue and orange - red light. 3. Carotenoids protect the photosynthetic system from the damaging effects of UV light. 4. The pigment that is found in vacuoles that plays a role in the colors of ripening fruit is called flavonoids 5. The part of the chloroplast that contains the photosystem where photosynthesis actually happens is called thylakoid. Patterns of Electron Flow Through Light Reaction PHASES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS  PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION The Light Reaction Phase (Light-Dependent Reactions) Capture the energy in sunlight and convert it to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH using photosystems, electron transport chains and chemiosmosis.  Names of the protein chain/electron chain Plastoquinone - Pq cytochrome complex - Cyt Plastocyanin - Pc Ferredoxin – Fd Stages of Light Reaction Light absorption - A process by which light is absorbed by chlorophyll that will excite its electrons. Oxygen production - When water is split oxygen, H ion, and electrons will be produced. Electron transport - The movement of excited electrons through a series of proteins/chains to build a proton/ H ion gradient. Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis - The process that produces ATP by enzyme ATP synthase because of the difference in the electrochemical gradient across the thylakoid membrane.