Biology Lecture on Evolution PDF

Biology Lecture on Evolution Tue, Jan 14, 2025 11:37AM 1:09:33 SUMMARY KEYWORDS phylogenies, cladistics, natural selection, plate tectonics, continental drift, extinction, adaptive radiation, transitional fossils, Darwin Wallace theory, artificial selection, genetic variation, evolution, spec...

Biology Lecture on Evolution Tue, Jan 14, 2025 11:37AM 1:09:33 SUMMARY KEYWORDS phylogenies, cladistics, natural selection, plate tectonics, continental drift, extinction, adaptive radiation, transitional fossils, Darwin Wallace theory, artificial selection, genetic variation, evolution, species, fossil record, environmental change 00:00 Did we do? That was the last 00:05 one. That's where we ended. Okay, I've got those handouts also here. Sorry, we can't get into that room. It's a blank room over there, and the administration won't let let us in, you know? So you guys have more room. So it's really irritating. Did you all get handouts in here? We're okay. I don't think you need that one time chart. Did we get that at all in here? Okay, and this one that kind of shows events in the in the time chart. Did you get this one? Well, you can come and pick that one up after so this is just kind of nice little timeline to look at here. As far as that goes, you don't need this other one after 00:56 another class. Okay, 01:00 any questions on anything, any problems, we're all okay. We're moving forward. Okay, go ahead. I'm just kind of confused what we should be studying everything well, you know, yeah, a university setting. When I show you this, you should be familiar enough with it. If I emphasize certain aspects of it. Sometimes it's just to understand things. So you don't need to know it in any detail, like this, I'm going to put it up, and you're going to have to fill in the blanks, a blank one like this. I want you to understand the concepts more than 01:40 and the first 01:42 test is always kind of disconcerting, because of the fact that students don't know what to expect until they see how I write questions and things like that. I always expect the first test to be a little bit lower, and I take that into consideration in the total view of things, everybody okay with that idea. So I know that it's hard to get used to different instructors. You're going to have to do that if you go to graduate school, medical school or whatever, also. So boy, I mean, you're going to have teachers that come in one hour and teaches certain things, the endocrine system, you know? And then you have some others doing embryology, and it's going to be a mess. And graduate school, they expect you to do a lot of self motivating teaching. So that's where you really learn stuff. So it's kind of interesting. You think you know a lot. When you graduate here with your bachelor's degree, you get to your master's and your doctoral degrees, and you'll sit there and you'll go, wow, I didn't know a whole lot. And then you learn some more. But then what you do is, after you get your doctoral degree, whether it's a medical doctor or whatever, it's like my son said, he says, when you really get out and get into the real world and start having to look up stuff and read the papers yourself. That's when you really start learning. So it's a lifelong process. So don't be frustrated. Just do the best you can and realize that things have to kind of go in that flow. 03:18 Okay, we're all right there. 03:21 So when I show you a slide like this, I would like it Another difference between phylogenies and cladistics, and these are good examples of it in here, so pay attention to detail. But you know, if I don't say, hey, memorize this for the test. Don't do it, but understand it. To go where we need to go. Everybody are right there. You guys know the difference between phylogenies and cladistics. Phylogenies are family trees. Cladistic analyzes tell us the relationships between groups. They don't necessarily tell you how they are related in a family tree. Sometimes, some books do a nice combination of the two, where they'll actually show you a timeline the evolution of how things are related and why they are related to one another, looking at the characteristics logistically. Well, let me show you how this works. So if we take a look right here, traditional types of things, we say, well, these kind of look very similar because they look that type of way Linnaeus. Are you guys familiar with Linnaeus or not? Who developed the taxonomy and the first person to actually call us Homo sapiens, genus and spirit. So he did that classification. He says, Well, something looks like something else, they must be related. That can be very erroneous. That can be very dangerous. So if we take a look right up here, yeah, they look a lot alike. But in actual fossil records and actual comparative anatomy, in actual genetics, are they truly related? Well, no, not really. Birds are kind of out here. Well, Where in the heck do they come from? Well, we know there's some type of invertebrate in here, mammals, the same type of thing. We know that they're probably distantly related. So we can use mammals as kind of an out group here to kind of compare and contrast. Then we start looking at the reptilian groups in here, and we start to see in the fossil record, the snakes and lizards broke off from the basic reptile groups. A long time ago. Turtles broke off also, even though they are reptiles. And then we have a special group of reptiles called archosaurs. Archosauriumorpa in here means ruling reptiles. We start looking at some of the anatomy, and we look at the genetics today, and we see crocodiles, dinosaurs and birds are all related to one another, whereas up here, everything is related to everything else, but we didn't realize that they broke off early in these two groups right here. So these are based on characteristics that show us the true relationship between each one of those groups. Is that, okay, can you kind of see the difference between the two? Sometimes this follows a nice phylogeny or a family tree how they evolve. Sometimes, sometimes it doesn't. We're just showing characteristics like, wow, we have an anthropoidistra in the bottom of the Hindery right here that only crocodiles, dinosaurs and birds have, 06:51 okay, and the ancestor of birds. 06:56 So that's kind of good. So cladistics does what shows relationships between groups, not necessarily how they evolve. There are quite large and he shows the branching bush or the branching tree of how things evolve. We good there. So that's kind of a tool. Go ahead. So would you see that podistic is more like shared traits, yes, derived traits or shared traits. So being a mammal, we share traits with other mammals that keeps us in that same group as it's related. Okay, very good. That's good clarification. Anything else that's a good way to put it, go ahead, so then traditional is not based off of how they look. It's more like genetic material. No. Traditional is if they look alike, maybe they're related. So for example, if I have a reptile and I have a crocodile, they look a lot alike. And so you would think that they're more closely related because they look similar to one another. Obviously, they belong together somehow. But then we have a bird over here. In reality, the crocodile and the bird are more closely related to one another in cladistics than either of the two are to the snake. Does that help a little bit? Yeah, good clarification. Good. That's very good. Are we all okay? All right, we go into plate tectonics. Why is this so important for a generalized biology class? Geology allows life to exist and allows life to evolve the way it does, because of the positioning of the continents, and what's going on with that? Does that make sense? So we do have a little bit of geology in this class. Now, the thing of it is, 08:58 all of the sciences overlap 09:02 you saw in 1610 09:04 chemistry and biochemistry. 09:07 Okay, biology is just kind of a branch of physics. Chemistry is a branch of physics. Physics explains how the physical world actually works. We get to the point where we go past calculus into differential equations. Anybody take differential equations in here? Yeah, kind of it's kind of neat, isn't it? Because you take calculus and you go, Oh, that's how it explains biology. That's how it explains geology. Wow. So mathematics is the tool physics uses, and we are nothing more than a branch of physics. When you start thinking about some people like to put this as a branch of chemistry, remember all of that chemistry that you learned in 1610, it's so vital, because everything works chemically and biochemically and bio organically. Okay? Geology overlaps too. So we have these different types of things that occur here. So if we go back in time to about 1912 1915 Alfred beginner developed the idea of plate movement of not plate movement, exactly, but he saw that the continents, which are the plates, are moving, and so he called it continental drift. It's a hypothesis. It didn't evolve into plate tectonics, but it's part of the plate tectonic idea. Theories don't necessarily evolve into theories, because theories are a lot more involved. So showing all of the different types of information that leads to an absolute construct of how something works. The unifying theory of geology is plate tectonics. It explains 11:07 everything. What's the unifying theory of biology, 11:11 evolution? That's really kind of cool, how that works. All right, so here we have then brand new sea floor being created, and the sea floors are always younger than the continents. The comments are kind of float. They're made out of silica, like material. These are basaltic heavy elements that they're created out of the ocean. It spreads the continents apart and then subducts because it's heavier than the continents. Here I'm just giving you kind of a rear stages view of how this works. The Earth stays approximately the same size. That's kind of when we have subduction occur here, going underneath there. We actually can have partial melting of that plate as it goes underneath there, and they start to make volcanoes mountain. Mountains. So we didn't have any real good knowledge until the 1960s about how continents were made. That's very weird. So this tells us how the rocks are made that are involved in it, and how those mountains are made. So that's neat. We also have these little hot spots with excess radioactivity here that kind of poke holes in the plate as it moves over. So we have a flame, and we have a piece of paper, and we move it over the flame, barely touching the flame, and it leaves burn marks as it goes. That's how the Hawaiian Islands were made, as a Pacific plate moves over the hot spot with that excess radioactivity that makes lots of heat and forms that little pinpoint magma that shoots up. Everybody okay with that? Some of you, how many of you had geology in here? So you know what I'm talking about. But those of you that have energy ology, do you know what I'm talking about, too? You kind of get the idea. So the continents moved. Albert beginner, didn't know at the time. You know why the mechanisms were there, but he saw that the continents fit together. He saw that there were fossils that were similar on two continents that seem to be split apart. But how in the world did those animals get from one place to another and glacial types of stuff and all sorts of neat stuff. We have all of these plate boundaries. We're not going to worry about how many. But notice here we have that great, big, huge one called a Pacific plate in there that moves pretty fast. They move pretty close to about 10 centimeters, about as fast as your air crayons grow. Notice here that we have the North American plate and the Pacific Plate going past one another. Notice we have Rona plates here. So the Cocos plate, the one that's looking plate, and the gorda plate in here are making the volcanoes as they are pushed under by the Pacific Plate. In here, that was part of what we call the Farallon plate. That used to take the place of where the Pacific Plate is, but now it's getting pushed under. The Andes Mountains are created by the Nazca plate. It's beautiful how the geology works, but is it important to look at the boundaries of where those mountains are, where volcanos are, based on climate and the animals and the plants that live in those areas? That's why we learned that geology Okay. To be okay so far. Don't need to memorize it, but you need to be aware that the earth is made up of these plates, and there's some of them that are major, lots of them are minor. So how do they move? When we start looking here at the basic plates, we start to see that there's a mantle here, and there's a number of layers possibly in here, that differentiate we have the crust, which is very thin. Okay, the continental crust is thicker than the oceanic crust. And then we see here that we have the outer core and the inner core. The inner core has temperatures pretty close to the surface of the sun. It's made up of iron and nickel. How does it get its heat? Well, take a look. Do you have a lot of pressure? If you have a lot of stuff over the top of it, that's not the main source of heat. What do you think is the main source of heat 15:35 for the volcanoes and everything, pushing up the magnet, 15:39 radioactive decay. Those elements that were formed in stars have radioactive counterparts to the majority of them, and as they decay, as the Earth was made, heavy elements went to the center, lighter elements went to the outside. But we also have a lot of radioactivity enhanced. We have movement going on in the outer core, and there's so much pressure and so much heat coming in here to this outer core. In here is liquid. But if I took a piece of this and brought it up to the surface, it was solidified into a rock, just like that. So the heat and pressure have a lot to do with why it's liquid, but the movement of that material in there, high energy electrons, moving really quick, creates a magnetic field back where a magnetic field comes from. That's pretty cool. Is the magnetic field important for protection of light? What does it do? Protection? Protects us from radiation and stuff from space, and we see the result of the great, big, huge television screen in the atmosphere, as electrons are excited, as stuff comes from the sun, in the form of the Aurora Borealis. So that's unique. Okay, so magnetics is really important here. Take a look, right here we have convection currents. So if you take a pot of water and you put it's a glass pot, and you put macaroni in it and water, it just sits in. But if you heat it up, what happens when the macaroni comes up to the surface gets more dense as it comes out, some of the stuff vaporizes, goes back down, and it goes in circular patterns. These patterns can be divided up into a whole bunch, or they might just be one very big, huge one. We're not too short, but we know that there's movement, there's plasticity within this liquid in here, solid in here. And so we start, oh, wait, my stuff's falling apart there. I'll just leave it off, because I'll just get too excited about this little fall part again. So what's going to happen here is it takes probably millions or even billions of years for these to move, and the continents are moving slow, seven to 10 centimeters per year. Okay, not very fast, but that's kind of neat, because then we have the arrangement of the continents that has not only its uniformity in geology, but also affects life and how life evolves. And a little bit closer view of those convection currents, notice here that we have that Pacific Plate being subducted, that it's like a rugged and I step on that rugged and it wrinkles. So that's kind of like mountain building right here in North America. And we have volcanos also in the Pacific Northwest from some of the subduction of those plates from the barrel plate over there. We have the ring of fire around the Pacific, etc. And then we have brand new c4 over here in the Atlantic region that is pushing Africa and South America further apart, North America and Europe further apart. Any questions so far, we're okay by geology. People have taken geology. Does that good review? Sound very familiar. Take a look there. Here's some of the evidence that Alfred beginner developed in here for his breath, as a hypothesis, not a theory. Well, he saw that there were glacial moraines that were going uphill and that he goes that doesn't make a whole lot of sense. Well, it doesn't make sense for any of these things here, especially India, because is it going uphill? If it's going up into the Himalayans? That doesn't make sense. Once together, they form an area that shows continental presence. Actually occurred at those time when those were made. So we have palatial evidence. We have animals. Sorry, some of these families are 20:06 this is a good map from the standpoint of 20:09 showing how plants, even seed plants, where the continents have to be connected. There's no way for these seeds to get anywhere except on these areas right here. Lystrosaurus is kind of a little bulldog. I think I have a picture of it, and I'll show you. And it's going across here side of necklace, the same type of thing. But this is really significant, because this little critter here is an acid reptile. The inaptid reptile is only about a foot long. The sediments, geochemically, were fresh water sediments. That means that there were rivers going between Africa and South America here. And the morphology, or the actual body form of this little one foot critter is exactly the same on both continents. Is that kind of good evidence that the continents were together at one time for a long period of time, also, geologically speaking, all right, so we take a look here. The formation of Pangea, which is Greek for all lands, was formed by Albert veganer, 250 to 250 2 million years ago, we have all of the continents coming together. They come together before, yeah, we have good geological evidence. The continents have come together, gone apart, come together, come apart. And a lot of it's in the pre camera. Okay, lots of effects. So a reduction in intertidal and coastal habitats if you have a coastline with a certain species of coral and the continents come together, what happens that coral disappears? So continental drift, plate tectonics is that important to those coastlines, continents go up and down, and apparent seas that come up onto the land itself sometimes disappear because of the rise of the continents. All types of geological things happen to change the environment. So we have climate change also, because the currents that come off of the oceans bring in moisture when we get those effects, like we get from the Pacific here, as the weather is developed, and the moisture comes off of the ocean and across the Sierras into making our snow here. So geology has a great influence on evolution. 22:49 Anybody okay with that? Generally, get the idea. 22:56 Then we kind of see here. There's the Mesozoic, the Paleozoic before notice we have Pangea, and then it breaks up to the region God wanna land in there, and then we have the Cenozoic, and then we have modern time. So we have real good geological maps to show you how these things actually have moved in time. All right, depending Okay, with plate tectonics and what it does. Let's take a look here at extinction. 23:29 Extinction. Wow. Okay, 23:33 there's different ideas about extinction. You have to be a little bit careful about this. So the extinction, annihilation of all individuals of a species or a group of species, plant or animal. It can be a mass extinction, where it destroys the whole planet, almost as far as life, plant and animal life, and we've had that happen very close to 96% of all life on the planet has disappeared, and then it makes its way through. It really explains a lot about evolution. Okay, almost every species evolves eventually becomes extinct. 99% of all species that have evolved have become extinct, or we have what we call pseudo extinction. What does pseudo mean? False false false extinction, where we have one group of critters in the fossil record, and it looks like they disappear, but they're actually changing, evolving into another species, or they migrate out and evolve into another species in a different environment. And you see how complex this can become. So you have to be careful. We all okay, kind of a cool picture there. Oh, go ahead, 24:50 this might be theoretical, but 24:53 theoretical or hypothetical, 24:57 theoretical, I think what I'm trying to get at is, why would evolution 25:02 lead toward extinction? 25:06 Like, like, why? I don't know. Evolution 25:10 doesn't lead to extinction. Natural Selection selects for the characteristics in a population of certain groups, and if that doesn't work out, as far as their ability to change, migrate or do what they need to do, they become extinct. So evolution doesn't lead to it. The environment selects for is that okay? Does that? Does that kind of help a little bit? So your thinking is okay, we just need to kind of get a little bit of a change. Very good, very good. Let's take a look here theories for massive sequence like 250 to 252 million years ago, 96% of all of the life on the planet, plant, animal, any oceans on land disappear across Are there reasons for it? There's multiple causalities in here, 26:10 okay, disease, volcanics, 26:14 climate patterns change because of plate counts, changes in the ocean of fresh water, chemistry, transgressions and regressions, water coming up onto the land with the pair of seas, etc. Notice that number eight here, the Impact Theory The meteorite is one of many ideas. It's not the smoking gun. It did not get rid of the dinosaurs. It was actually pretty close to a million years until the dinosaurs were extinct after the impact, whether the impact count ameliorate and move it in that direction, but it did. Human Interaction, our stupidity is creating a sixth mass extinction. Okay, and some of the problems that we have, unfortunately for those people in LA, I hope that things get a little bit better for them, because they had droughts and then it kind of what initiated those winds and the fires and everything else. I don't I okay? Don't listen to politicians. And they have their head up, their fourth point of contact, okay? And they sit there and they blame people for when actually, what isn't it's actually the environment that is creating, not people. How stupid can you be? Okay, now, did people cause the climate change that eventually caused some fires? Yeah, we've been doing that for a long time. Okay, but make sure that you logically think about things and don't listen to the media. I absolutely refuse to let students go on the internet to find out information, because it's so invalid in so many places, you have to be very careful. 28:16 Okay, so much for my soapbox. 28:20 We all okay, there's even more. I could make slides like this for three more slides with all of these on here, 30 to 40 different reasons. Why? So if I asked you, what causes mass extinctions, what will you say? If I give you one of the answers, it's multi causal. Would you write that down as the one. Okay, there we go. Oh, take a look. Here are the big five that are created here. Okay, we're still working on these. Notice the last one, the Paleogene, tertiary Cretaceous boundary in there actually has that meteorite in there. I think like to get rid of that, because that's not the smoking gun. There's a whole bunch of other things, okay, but this has helped shape life and how it is. Here it is Cosmo mass extinction. What is the answer? Guys? Multi causal. There you go, lots of wonderful things, 29:26 or I don't know, 29:29 okay, well, let's take a look here. How do I know this? Well, we take a look here and we say, well, there's lots of things that have that, both impacts and volcanism have profound effects with mass extinctions. We take a look here, going through time extinctions in millions of years, we see that there's a lot of things going on as far as the crater formation that we see on this planet. Okay, sometimes it's heavier than other times in there, if we take a look, though. Here's the major impacts from the meteorites. Here are the extinction events. And yeah, they are correlated. But what's more of a better correlation, the volcanic eruptions. Volcanic eruptions are more important than the impact. But are they both import. Yes, they are. So I wanted to show you that chart right there. Okay, so the extinction of the dinosaurs, for some reason I think that's really important. The actual one 250 to 250, 2 million years ago in the Permian Triassic boundary is the largest one. This is about 76% compared to the 96% Well, yeah, a large amount of dinosaurs died, but they didn't die out completely. Why? Because we have birds. Okay, so the impact was 300,000 years before the supposed extinction of the dinosaurs. And when we start looking at some more of the information, geologically, it's actually another 700,000 years plus the 300,000 it's a million years after when this actually hit and it hit the ocean. Did it cause some localized things going on? Did it have some stuff that it was pushing the atmosphere absolutely so impactor was 10 kilometers, or about six miles across. Are you guys? Are you trying to familiarize yourself with the metric system. Familiarize yourself with the metric system, because I guarantee it'll come and bite you in the butt. Okay? If you don't, okay. We have some problems here, the Cretaceous plant problem. We have dinosaurs down in New Mexico that are obviously living past the meteorite, yes, in the Chichu area plants, if you start darkening the sun to have a nuclear winter and put particulates in the atmosphere, you're going to kill the plants. Plants thrive. They didn't climb. Some of them became extinct. Burns became more prolific, and we don't see that much of a change between the end of the Cretaceous and the beginning of the church area there. Just don't we have what we call the Cretaceous frog problem. Are amphibians sensitive to the environment? We don't see a change in the amphibian populations and what we know everybody okay with that. Why are amphibians susceptible to the environment? Because their skins are what permeable to liquids going in and out to maintain their homeostasis, as well as what also chemicals in volcanos or anything else could cause mutations, all sorts of things in there, lack of food, all sorts of things, and a lack of habitat. So we don't see a change. So we call it the Cretaceous frog problem, because we don't see the amphibians changing a whole lot in there. So there wasn't a worldwide catastrophe at the end of the age of dinosaurs increasing CO two leads to warming temperatures. We already know that. Again, if you listen to anybody else or read for yourself the scientific papers, you will see that this is actually true. So we see the temperatures rising. We see CO two rising, okay, all sorts of things. We've got good information from that. What's going to happen if CO two lowers the pH? Low pH means what acidic we're causing the coal roots to disappear because of the CO two rise when I show you the films to have the feedback mechanisms, you're going to see why that happens and why we increase those feedback mechanisms. All right, biological annihilation. Look what we basically have done by destroying the habitat and killing off species. 34:48 It just gets absolutely ludicrous after a while. 34:54 Take a look at this. This is a real good example going down into Indonesia. Take a look what happens here with deforestation. The orangutans are really having a hard time surviving. And what's interesting is we just have found a brand new species of orangutan in there, but it's going to become extinct. Also, if they don't slow down the deforestation. Take a look at this. In the red is the historical range of the tiger, and take a look where it's at now, that's us, okay, although some people would rather Tigers didn't exist anyway, adaptive radiation. So radiation, sometimes to some people, means radioactive material radiating out energy that may be dangerous. That's not the only definition of a radiation. Radiation is moving outward. If I had a stove in the corner here, it would be radiate, radiating out what heat from there. But it's not going to cause, you know, damage to you, like some uranium sitting in. Okay. Radiation is a methodology of movement, so adaptive radiations can occur in organisms on the basis of their morphologies. Linnaeus, who named a lot of plants and animals, most likely would have classified the Hawaiian silver source that we see on the slopes of volcanoes as different species compared to the other ones that are in the lowlands in different areas. Let me show you how that works. Take a look here on the Hawaiian Islands, as we have these different types of plants in different types of environments in here, and notice that those plants have real different more qualities compared with the silver sword up in the upper right, but they all have the same genetics. Whoa. What has happened here? Adaptive radiation, obviously, we're adapting the seeds land where they land, and either the plants have the ability to adapt to it or not. Why plants have more adaptability on plasticity than we do. How many sets of chromosomes do you have at 23 from mom? 23 from that right? I assume most of you are that, unless you're alien, according to the History Channel. 37:52 Now, plants have a little bit of different strategy through their evolutionary history. You were going to say something, go ahead. I 37:58 was going to say they can have more generations and pure run time so they can actually 38:03 that is true to a certain degree. Yes, that helps them a lot. But we have certain types of animals, bacteria and other types of things that also do the same thing. Okay, so the rate is important to look at, but let me tell you about plants in general, instead of just having two sets of chromosomes, they actually have multiple sets of chromosomes. Therefore, when the seeds land in an area where they have the lava flows here or in a forested area, they can have genes turned on by the environmental influence that allows them to do what perpetuate in that environment and survive in that environment, depending upon what morphology is needed in those multiple steps of chromosomes. Why do they get to do that? Old, Lucky plants? How come we don't get to do that? How many morphologies would we have in here? Oh, that'd be ridiculous. 39:12 Go ahead. Is that similar to what we talked about with, like epigenetics and people? It 39:17 is absolutely it is epigenetically controlled to a certain degree. Yes, absolutely. So what's going on here, though, is plants can't move once the seeds land where they're at, and if you want to survive, you're going to be able to adapt whatever environment you're in that surrounds you, whereas what happens is something gets bad for us. We, as animals, can do what we can move go from one place to another. Hey, let's get out of here. But plants can't. Isn't that kind of a neat type of radiation. 39:57 We all good there. 40:01 Sometimes we still have plasticity. And again, what you were talking about the rate Absolutely. So how fast can birds reproduce? Have you ever had seen Robins or other birds that we have around here? They have their eggs. The babies fledged before the end of summer, right? Really quick, rapid growth. Birds have incredibly rapid growth, part of their survivability, plus they can migrate. But take a look at what happens here. These are from one population of finches from South America over to the Galapagos Islands that was observed here by Darwin. Wow. Look at the changes here in the beaks and in the color. They're all basically from the same population of patients. How does that work? Sometimes genes, genes, regulatory genes, very important, get turned on, and it's the same genes for the beaks. So let's just use the beak. The genes here to make a thick beak have a number of genes that turn on for a different amount of time. This is called heterochromine. Heterochromia means different time developmental pushes for the beaks to be the way they are. You have the time for the growth on this one, different types of modular types of expressions from those genes, and you make thick beaks for thick shells to be able to get into those. Some of the population has thin ones, though, and they don't survive. So there is a propensity in the direction of selection, directional selection to do what to push towards the thicker bees. If you go to another island, you'll see maybe if these birds went over that island, you're still going to have variation within the populations of rapid reproduction, and you're going to see, oh, we're going to go back to this, because this is more advantageous, but it's the same genes, just with different timings and different genes that are turned off. Well, that's kind of neat. Does that make Mother Nature more official? A lot more official. That's one of my antennas. Mother Nature takes what's already there and does water go ahead? Okay, so evolution pushes 42:33 organisms to optimize natural selection, not evolution, I guess 42:38 natural selection organisms to 42:42 model. The environment, and organisms that reduce quicker can modify faster. Why would organisms have longer lifespans, since they're short ones and they just reproduce as fast as they can? 42:53 Why would they because that is part of their evolutionary history of what has been selected for, for their survivability, but they wouldn't even be I'm giving you kind of a generalized thing. Have you had genetics yet? Wait until evolution, and if I teach in evolution, I will tell you more details of how that works. Okay, but you're on the right track, and you're thinking exactly on the right track. Isn't that kind of cool? Very cool. Any other comments? Those are very good comments. Everybody kind of see how neat This is. I'm getting excited. I don't know. I already know what's going to go on here in the lecture, and I'm getting excited. Are you guys getting excited? No, I kind of want to go home tired of this crap. All right, don't be excited. Get excited about life. Take a look right here. It's kind of nice. Wow. We have three major groups of mammals. They radiated out. But guess what? They came from? Well, we have the monetary marsupials and the EU theories, which are the place. So we have different modes of reproduction that are successful in their own right, to a degree. But if we go back further in time, we have pretty close 20 different varieties of mammals evolving from the Jurassic. Isn't that kind of cool? We only have three now. What does that tell you about selection? There is selection, and those genes come from those ancient groups in the Jurassic all the way through up here, and they're shared. It's called Deep homology. We've talked about that, have we not? Deep homology means that you share some of the genes on depending upon what God Do you have genes that you don't use within our population, in our gene pool? Yeah. Well, guess why? It works really well sometimes, not all the time, but it works really well when we have changes, but we don't have to worry about it. Because why primates like us do what we modify our environments and change the course of natural selection? Do we not kids in hospitals that wouldn't survive survive because of our knowledge that we have. Okay, so evolution, a genetic change through time in the gene all real frequency changes that can occur within a species or population, one generation the next as they pass on their morphologic what they look like, behavioral and other traits to their offspring, including mutations. Mutation is the ultimate source of variation, but takes, usually a long period of time to occur. Sometimes we take a look at things like bacteria. We take a look at things like COVID. It changes very quickly. It mutates very quickly. Okay, we have micro evolution, which leads to macro evolution. So within a population of critters, micro evolution, little changes can lead to big changes in speciation and macro evolution, 46:30 we okay with that. 46:34 Are some of you guys recording me. You should record me. It helps. Sometimes, some students if they record me, and then they go back and revise their notes. So you're more than welcome to do that. That'd be okay. I don't mind at all. I have nothing to hide. I have too much to talk about micro evolution. So you can use these examples here. Okay, micro evolution is relatively short term changes in allele frequencies within a population, in a population or species. As a matter of fact, humans don't have other species of humans today. Okay, we actually have a population of humans, and we are all homo sapien sapiens. We're not homo sapiens. We're Homo sapiens sapiens because of that fact, we are all interrelated because of bottlenecks that have happened in the past. And it really makes rednecks mad and Neo Nazis mad. If you're a neo Nazi, a redneck, I don't apologize to you. Get out of here. You're not welcome. Ah, so I shouldn't say that even Neo Nazis need to learn how to be tyrants, right? Okay, so take a look here, minor evolutionary changes within the population. You go up to Yellowstone. Let's look at some elk up there. Do those populations of elk in Yellowstone? Do they have minor changes that occur with the environment within the population in the gene pool? Could that lead to another species? Why do we have so many variations within those servant groups in the basic deer groups all over the planet because of natural selection and changes that are minor that lead to species evolving separately from one another. House sparrows, a good way to look at them and how they adapt. I'm going to show you an example of that. Mosquitoes, unfortunately have evolved in response to global warming, and insects have evolved resistant to our pesticides. Unfortunately, that affects our food stuff. So there are examples of micro evolution on a small scale all over. Take a look right here. Here are little sparrows at the left, the smaller, lighter bodied Sparrow from southern North America and at the right, the larger, darker bodied Sparrow from the northern part of North America. Now, do I want to just tell you one factor? No, I'm going to tell you there's a whole bunch of factors why that goes the way it does. Protection from predation, being cryptic, sexual selection, I can go on and on. Okay, so there's lots of things in here, so you can kind of look at those maps in here. Look at these things after class, as you read down through them, to kind of solidify this information, I underlined populations descended from the same ancestral populations have different gene frequencies. Different genes turn on regulatory genes, expressions of different genes in a population of the same species based on natural selection. Environments and environments aren't the only thing. Are they? There's lots of things, but within the environment, there's lots of stuff. Are we okay? As far as micro evolution, I kind of beat that to death, but it's kind of important. Macro evolution, on the other hand, large complex change in parents of species, major evolutionary change, usually thought of as large change in body form or whatever, or in the evolution of one type of plant or animal from another type. Pseudo extinctions occur this way, where we kind of look in the fossil record and go, Wow, that disappeared. But when we find out, looking more carefully, we say, oh, it just evolved into something that's more adaptable in that direction. So one of the best examples that I have here is early reptiles evolved into the dinosaurs, and the dinosaurs involved in the birds is that macroevolution from microevolution or little changes all through time. That's exactly what we're talking about. There are species up here. We can have a whole semester just introducing what a species is. I think the best thing to do right there is, you know, these are all feelings, right, okay? And you can see right there, there's a difference between the plant and the bird right there. So, you know, those are different species. So your definition for right now, until you get a little bit further, is a species is, well, I know one. When I see one, I know the difference between them. Are these different species. You know it because you can see it. That's good enough for right now. Okay, but you're going to learn more detail as we go along. But that's the start. That's how it began. As far as that information, goodness gracious. Here we go. Cute little dinosaurs starting to have a change in the scales. The scales started to produce relatives of those cells that go from the scales to feathers, and feathers are modified keratin, types of scale like structures that then kept the dinosaurs warm, but also later on, they were accepted or CO adapted for flying back and forth across the trees, wheat flyers. And then finally, to the birds themselves, macro evolution going along, one species to another. Everybody got it so far. That kind of cool, that kind of a neat picture. Is a friend of mine, Mark Hallett, who drew it. He's a one armed artist. He toggles these left arm. Isn't that cool? Very talented. Okay, what about transitional fossils? That's what we're talking about here. Is you're looking at transitional fossils here. We don't use the term in science, missing links. Okay, missing links are what you hear on the internet and a whole bunch of crap there. Okay, they're not missing. Obviously, to get from here to here, there's got to be something in between, all right. It's not missing, from the standpoint of understanding how it evolved, 53:46 it's only missing in their brains. 53:50 Take a look here, just for fun, at some of the dino birds or bird dinos. I'm sure what you call them doesn't matter, but there are some characteristics, if you saw that picture right there on the left or the right and over right. What would you say is that a bird? It looks like a bird to me, but guess what? It has bones in its tail. It has teeth, has claws on its wings. It has claw number two on each of the feet. That is the one that they used in Jurassic Park for the velociraptors that were tapping impatiently looking for those stupid little kids, which I wish they would have be, would have made them would be so much everybody okay with that. Isn't that cool. Now look at the date, 160 million go up to 155 meters? Well, there's that tone number two. There are the claws on his wings, there in the teeth, and has bones in his tail. Do any birds today have bones in their tail? Not a single one. Okay, so it goes to a pigo style. That's really kind of nice. It doesn't need it, just like we don't need a tail, we have a coccyx. Instead, take a look here, going to about 150 man years, we have Archaeopteryx lithographica, which is the first one that we found. Now, this was found two years after the Origin of Species. Darwin talked about transitional species in there in his book, and sure enough, this just solidified that idea that's pretty cool, claws on its wings about the size of a pigeon, teeth and a tail with bones. And there's some lack of fusion here compared to some of the birds that we have today, a little bit of differences, but not by much. Wow, 100 and guess what? There's even more. You go back 160 million years to 150 that we just seen here, and there is a whole radiation of these out there. I'm not going to show you all of them that would take the rest of the semester. Macro evolution is big evolution going from one species to another. This is kind of dramatic, though. It's not that dramatic, but it's almost that dramatic, and this just emphasizes that. Take a look at the micro evolution over on the right. So from the basic canine groups. So I'm going to tell you how this works. Dogs and bears evolve from a common ancestor. Isn't that cool? Okay, and then the dogs started to do what he evolved into the different groups in here with similar genes. Can we actually get critters that interbreed with coyotes and wolves? Yeah, we can. That's how close the genes are. That's how undifferentiated sometimes micro evolution can be. I don't know what that is the other white meat, you know. Okay, so what happens here, though, that's kind of neat how that works. Everybody good there. Does that kind of help solidify it? Well, we'll show you some stuff later on, which is amazing. We have hybrid coyotes, dogs and wolves back East right now in the falls, 57:29 and they're all viable. Go ahead, please clarify 57:37 a population, which means a species or a population of similar groups that are came from a common ancestry, that share those genes and might be able to interbreed, might be able to hybridize, but then later on, you're going to see right here, these are not different species from the standpoint of genetics. They're different species than what we call, guess what, this critter right here and this critter right here are called Canis lupus. Same species, that little chihua and that big, beautiful Akita. I used to have akitas. I love those dogs, okay, those are really kind of neat, but they share wolf genes. That's how plastic those genes are. That's how variable they are, that they can interbreed with one another. Did I answer your question? I just go up on a tangent, didn't did it answer it kind of so the difference between macro, macro evolution and micro. Macro is that when one, one species changes into another, and micro is one, one population changes into one population has minor changes that will eventually lead to macro evolution. Okay, we okay. That very good. Very good. Any other clarifications, we're okay, everybody, okay. Isn't that kind of cool? Later on, I'll show you some of those species back east that we have. It's just really interesting how evolution works. Let's go here for good old Chucky Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, we in evolutionary biology do not call this the Darwinian theory of natural selection into evolution. We call it the Darwin Wallace theory of natural selection. It was a co discoverer, independent. Now what happened is this Darwin goes on his voyage, comes back, has all of this great information sits on it for 22 years. Why? Because nobody else is coming up with a good way to solidify what he has found and make sure that that works. So if I write a paper, I brought this up before, if I write a paper and I send it into a journal, and then they send it out to my peers. And my peers sit there and go, Well, maybe you should talk about this. Maybe you should do that. Maybe you know this type of thing. That's great, because it makes my science better. The stuff that I did in my doctoral dissertations, the one area in dinosaur bone histology, looking at how fast dinosaurs grew and why birds grow fast, also, now that they've inherited is incomplete, because people have worked on my dissertation and made it better, and they discovered things that, Oh, well, maybe I was wrong about that a little bit, and that's okay. That's good science. Darwin did not have that until Albert Russell Wallace, 22 years later, independently in Indonesia, different place than Darwin was at, discovered the same mechanisms of natural selection in Indonesia. He wrote Darwin. Darwin said, Hey, finally, somebody can confirm what I did. Let's put it into a paper and present it to the Linnaean Society of England, and be able to have natural selection as the one mechanism with all of the mechanisms within natural selection as the way in which things change over time. That's really kind of neat, but he didn't have it for 22 years. You can imagine how frustrated So Darwin described the theory 22 years after the voyage, Darwin submitted a joint paper with confirmation from Wallace, showing that it didn't happen independently from what he said he wasn't imagining as a co author, and then he finally published Darwin On the Origin of Species by means of natural selections or preservation of favored races in the struggle for life 1859 can imagine that's going to be a Good question, right? Okay, and always call it the Darwin Wallace theory of natural selection, 1:02:48 but you don't have to. I 1:02:50 mean, notice there that he uses races. So races to them was something a little bit different, because Darwin had no concept of the of genetics, he had what they call blending inheritance. Blending inheritance is like you take one color of paint and another color paint, put it together and mix it clear, right? That's not how genetics worked. 1:03:18 It wasn't until Mendel 1:03:21 discovered the basic Mendelian genetics that we teach on the first day of genetics, that we had a nice particulate type of information that could explain why things vary the way they do with our Punnett squares, etc, first day of genetics, you learn that, and then you move beyond that. So that's kind of neat, because Mendel actually had Jordan's origin, and he used that, and actually was starting to put notes in there, point his genetic knowledge to it, but Darwin did not have that information. And as far as Mendel goes, if he would have, we would have been like 100 or 200 years ahead, and this class would have been two or three semesters long instead of just as well. So you're all excited about theirs. So when your kids come back and we get further ahead and I'm still here and I go, 1:04:28 didn't that guy die? 1:04:31 Well, he's fossilizing. Boy. Can't wait for that guy to die. Okay, anyway, when your kids come back and they go, I care what he was there. Okay, it'll be fun, because I'm gonna teach a ton more stuff. 1:04:50 I will it'll be there. Go ahead. 1:04:51 Is the Linnaean society that they public, that they like, brought it to? Is that the same as the Linnaean 1:04:59 classification, the name society? Yes, that's where they got the name from. And they were a scientific society that was an evaluator of the scientific information at that time in England, in London especially. So yep, everybody. Okay. So far, this is a nice little chart. Take a look at it. Here we go over production. That's one of the tenants that Darwin said, because the population can only hold so many natural selection will select for those that are more fit at that time, not the fittest, but more fit, May in genetic variation, then will select for those that are going to survive and directionally select the population to go in a certain direction. Can this start all over again? If the environment changes or things change, the disease comes in, etc, yeah, so there's no such thing as survival of the fist. Darwin did not use that. Okay. He did not use that term. He didn't use evolution. He used 1:06:12 modification. 1:06:14 Okay? It wasn't until later, until he started using those. But he was very careful with survival of this because survival of the fitter, as long as the environment doesn't change, fitter, not fits. We good. So far. Does that kind of help a little bit? Have some of those pictures? Oh, no. Artificial selection. Darwin looked at artificial selection. Wow. What have we done to the poor Canis lupus? Oh, these are Canis lupus. May you believe that now this one right here, I know they will light your ankle until nothing hits. No, I have a bunch. I had a bunch easy, and they can be as sweet as can be, but when they want to get me, they can get me psycho Chihuahua. I have a T shirt I should wear it, alright, so they're fun akitas. I love akitas too. So we have a whole bunch of these, Wolf like critter state Malamutes, Akitas, etc. And we can actually look at how that modification has changed here to make some of the interesting degrees that we have. But they have all types of genetic anomalies, because, guess what, humans don't know how to naturally select we have luxadium patellas. We have blindness, we have diabetes, we have all sorts of things that the wolves don't have a lot of. Okay, so we don't know what we're doing. Obviously, go ahead. 1:07:53 So Canis lupus, when you say that, is that the species or genus species of the 1:07:59 wolves and of every, every domestic dog, 1:08:03 okay? And then so, like, what makes them different is, like, when we're talking earlier, the genes that basically are being used, the 1:08:13 genes that are turned on, yeah, exactly right, 1:08:16 exactly right. And that's what makes all of these different, yes, 1:08:19 and that's why we can make this one with dogs and with coyotes. 1:08:27 So that's how it works. Okay, good, good. Can you imagine this? This one has the same change. 1:08:35 Isn't that cool? 1:08:42 What's with that, all variations with these dogs, is just epigenetics. That's 1:08:49 it. I think it's a little bit more complicated, but you can put epigenetics in there as a possibility for how that occurred via the 1:09:00 pushing that direction. We are the ones that are doing epigenetics. 1:09:10 Plants do the same thing, and this is where we will start next time artificial selection, when we talk about multiple sets of genes, did we not this is what happens here. We will not find broccoli out of the wild. Okay, guys, get if you didn't get a copy that you want to mine scales in here.