Muscle Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for closing the eyelids?

Platysma

Orbicularis oculi (correct)

Zygomaticus major

Masseter

What type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle length remains the same while developing tension?

Isometric (correct)

Eccentric

Concentric

Isotonic

Which muscle is considered the prime mover of breathing?

External intercostals

Internal intercostals

Sternocleidomastoid

Diaphragm (correct)

What is the primary role of calcium ions during muscle contraction?

To bind to troponin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is part of the quadriceps femoris group?

Rectus femoris Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is involved in moving the shoulder blade and is located on the posterior trunk?

Trapezius Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fibers is known for endurance and is rich in mitochondria?

Red muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of a sarcomere marks the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres?

Z line Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is involved in muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by muscle weakness due to autoimmunity against acetylcholine receptors?

Myasthenia gravis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is the primary component of costal cartilages that connect ribs to the sternum?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What structure is primarily responsible for the cushioning between vertebrae in the vertebral column?

Intervertebral discs Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting bone resorption?

Parathyroid hormone Signup and view all the answers

In the functional classification of joints, which category allows for the most movement?

Diarthroses Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscular tissue is involuntary and found in the heart?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint is characterized by the ability to rotate around a single axis?

Pivot joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone cell is primarily responsible for bone formation?

Osteoblast Signup and view all the answers

During endochondral ossification, what is the first step in the process of bone formation?

Formation of a bony collar Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the axial skeleton is directly involved in supporting the human head?

Cervical vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

The types of movements such as flexion, extension, and abduction belong to which classification of joint movement?

Angular movements Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of hyaline cartilage?

Collagen fibers and ground substance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is classified as a synarthrosis?

Suture joint Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes bone formation by stimulating osteoblasts?

Growth hormone Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes fibrous joints?

Connected by dense connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is primarily found at the ends of long bones?

Cancellous bone Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage provides support and shape to the ear and epiglottis?

Elastic cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone cell is responsible for the resorption of bone tissue?

Osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

The structure of a typical vertebra includes which of the following components?

Vertebral body Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skeletal muscle fiber is primarily used for short bursts of strength and power?

Type IIb fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the intervertebral discs?

Provide cushioning and stability Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of titin in muscle structure?

Provides elasticity and stability to the sarcomere Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily involved in lateral movement of the jaw?

Masseter Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of isometric contractions?

Muscle length remains constant while tension increases Signup and view all the answers

Which function is primarily associated with the external intercostals?

Elevation of the ribs during inhalation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fibers have a high fatigue resistance and are suited for endurance activities?

Red muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP during muscle contraction?

Provides energy for the detachment of myosin heads from actin Signup and view all the answers

In which type of muscle contraction does the muscle shorten while generating tension?

Concentric contraction Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes smooth muscle from skeletal muscle?

Smooth muscle lacks striations and is involuntary Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is involved in flexing the elbow joint?

Biceps brachii Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by progressive muscle weakness due to genetic mutation affecting dystrophin?

Duchenne muscular dystrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of titin in muscle structure?

Provides passive elasticity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is typically characterized by having a single nucleus and lacks striations?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for elevating the scapula and is located on the posterior trunk?

Trapezius Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the sliding filament theory?

Actin filaments slide past myosin filaments. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for rigor mortis after death?

Depletion of ATP in muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is primarily involved in flexing the hip joint?

Iliopsoas Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is known as the prime mover for inspiration during respiration?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by muscle weakness due to autoimmunity affecting acetylcholine receptors?

Myasthenia gravis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fiber is most likely to fatigue quickly and is suited for short bursts of high-intensity activity?

White muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

What role does ATP play during muscle contraction?

It fuels the movement of myosin heads along actin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cartilage in the human body?

Facilitating joint movement Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is characterized by a dense outer layer and inner spongy structure?

Compact bone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is known to inhibit bone resorption?

Estrogens Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of joints allows for limited movement between the bones?

Amphiarthroses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the epimysium in muscle anatomy?

Encasing the entire muscle Signup and view all the answers

What are intervertebral discs primarily composed of?

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is primarily involved in rotational movement?

Ball-and-socket joint Signup and view all the answers

During endochondral ossification, what occurs first during the bone formation process?

Formation of the bone collar Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue is characterized by striations and voluntary control?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of cartilage provides flexibility and support in structures such as the ear?

Elastic cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the mandible?

Temporalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of tropomyosin in muscle contraction?

Blocks myosin-binding sites on actin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by a high myoglobin content?

Red muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

During a muscle twitch, what phase follows the latent period?

Contraction phase Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishing feature does smooth muscle have compared to skeletal muscle?

Involuntary control Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is crucial for the elasticity and stability of the sarcomere?

Titin Signup and view all the answers

What action is the iliopsoas muscle primarily responsible for?

Hip flexion Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily involved in the process of forced expiration?

Internal intercostals Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a deficiency in the dystrophin protein?

Duchenne muscular dystrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group includes the pectoralis major and deltoid?

Anterior trunk muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage in the skeletal system?

Forms a supportive structure that reduces friction in joints Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily involved in stimulating bone remodeling?

Parathyroid Hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is classified as a diarthrosis?

Synovial Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteoclasts in bone homeostasis?

To absorb bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to spongy bone compared to compact bone?

Presence of trabecular structure Signup and view all the answers

What defines a synovial joint's structure?

Articular cartilage and a synovial capsule Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone marking is typically found at the site of muscle attachment?

Process Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes endochondral ossification in bone development?

Replacement of cartilage with bone Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue exhibits voluntary control?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of osteoporosis in the skeletal system?

Fragility and increased risk of fractures Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bone Function

Supports and protects vital organs
Provides framework for movement
Stores mineral reserves
Produces blood cells (hematopoiesis)

Cartilage Structure & Types

Hyaline cartilage: Smooth, glassy appearance found in ribs, nose, trachea, and articular surfaces of joints
Elastic cartilage: More flexible and found in the ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage: Strongest type, found in intervertebral discs and menisci of knee

Bone Types

Compact bone: Dense, hard outer layer, provides strength and protection
Spongy bone: Lighter, porous inner layer, provides flexibility and contains red bone marrow for blood cell production

Bone Classification

Long bones: Longer than they are wide. Examples: femur, humerus
Short bones: Cube-shaped, primarily for strength and stability. Examples: carpals, tarsals
Flat bones: Thin, flat, curved for protection or broad muscle attachment. Examples: skull bones, ribs, scapula
Irregular bones: Complex shapes that do not fit other categories. Examples: vertebrae, facial bones

Structure of a Long Bone

Diaphysis: Long shaft of the bone
Epiphyses: Expanded ends of the bone
Epiphyseal plate: Growth plate made of hyaline cartilage, present during bone growth
Periosteum: Tough outer covering of bone, contains blood vessels and nerves
Endosteum: Lining of the medullary cavity, contains bone cells
Medullary cavity: Hollow space within diaphysis, filled with yellow bone marrow (fat storage)

Microscopic Structure of Bone

Osteon: Functional unit of compact bone, consists of concentric rings of bone matrix called lamellae
Central canal: Runs through the center of the osteon, contains blood vessels and nerves
Lacunae: Small spaces within lamellae that house osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Canaliculi: Tiny canals that connect lacunae, allowing for nutrient and waste exchange

Bone Cells

Osteoblasts: Immature bone cells that secrete bone matrix
Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix
Osteoclasts: Large, multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption (breakdown)

Bone Development

Intramembranous ossification: Bone formation directly from mesenchyme, how flat bones develop
Endochondral ossification: Bone formation from a hyaline cartilage model, how long bones develop

Bone Growth

Interstitial growth: Growth in length by cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate
Appositional growth: Growth in width by adding bone matrix to the surface

Bone Remodeling

Continuous process of bone breakdown and formation
Regulated by hormonal factors and mechanical stress

Bone Resorption

Performed by osteoclasts
Releases calcium and phosphate into the bloodstream

Bone Diseases

Osteoporosis: Decreased bone density and increased fracture risk, often associated with aging, hormonal imbalances, or vitamin deficiency
Osteomalacia: Softening of bones due to inadequate mineralization
Osteopenia: Reduced bone density, not as severe as osteoporosis

Types of Bone Fractures

Simple (closed): Bone does not break the skin
Compound (open): Bone protrudes through the skin

Bone Markings

Projections: Sites of muscle attachment or articulation
Depressions: Hollows or indentations that allow passage of blood vessels or nerves

Axial Skeleton

Skull: Protects the brain and provides attachment for facial muscles
- Cranium (8 bones): Frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
- Facial bones (14 bones): Maxillae (2), palatine bones (2), zygomatic bones (2), nasal bones (2), lacrimal bones (2), inferior nasal conchae (2), vomer, mandible
- Foramina: Openings in the skull for passage of nerves, blood vessels, and other structures
- Foramen magnum: Large opening in the occipital bone, allows passage of the spinal cord
- Skull sinuses: Air-filled cavities within the skull bones, lighten the skull and modify voice resonance
- Sutures: Joints between the skull bones, allow for growth and flexibility
Hyoid bone: Small, U-shaped bone in the neck, supports the tongue and aids in swallowing
Vertebral column: Provides support and protection for the spinal cord, flexible and curved
- Cervical vertebrae (7): Neck region, support the head, allow for flexion and extension
- Thoracic vertebrae (12): Chest region, articulate with ribs, more rigid than cervical vertebrae
- Lumbar vertebrae (5): Lower back region, bear the most weight of the body, large and robust
- Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae): Forms the back portion of the pelvis, helps transfer weight to the lower limbs
- Coccyx (4 fused vertebrae): Tailbone, provides attachment for some muscles
- Abnormal curvatures: Scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis
- Primary curvatures: Develop in the fetus - thoracic and sacral curvatures
- Secondary curvatures: Develop after birth - cervical and lumbar curvatures
- Structure of a typical vertebra: Body, vertebral arch (pedicles, laminae), spinous process, transverse processes, articular processes
- Intervertebral discs: Fibrocartilaginous cushions between vertebrae, shock absorbers
Sternum: Breastbone, provides attachment for ribs and pectoral muscles
Rib cage: Protects the heart and lungs, allows for breathing movements, composed of 12 pairs of ribs

Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral (shoulder) girdle: Connects upper limbs to axial skeleton, provides for movement and support
- Clavicle (collarbone): Supports shoulder joint
- Scapula (shoulder blade): Provides attachment for muscles of the back and shoulder
Bones of upper extremities:
- Humerus: Upper arm
- Radius and ulna: Forearm
- Carpal bones: Wrist
- Metacarpal bones: Palm
- Phalanges: Fingers

Pelvic Girdle

Coxal bone: Hip bone, composed of ilium, ischium, and pubis
Bones of lower extremities:
- Femur: Thigh bone, largest and strongest bone in the body
- Patella: Kneecap, protects the knee joint
- Tibia and fibula: Lower leg
- Tarsal bones: Ankle
- Metatarsal bones: Sole of the foot
- Phalanges: Toes

Skeletal Articulations (Joints)

Functional classification: Based on the degree of movement allowed
- Synarthroses: Immovable joints, found in the skull
- Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable joints, found in the vertebrae
- Diarthroses: Freely movable joints, found in the limbs
Structural classification: Based on the type of connective tissue that binds the bones together
- Fibrous joints: Bones connected by fibrous tissue
  - Sutures: Found in the skull
  - Syndesmoses: Joints between bones connected by ligaments, example: distal tibiofibular joint
  - Gomphoses: Joints between teeth and bone, example: tooth socket
- Cartilaginous joints: Bones connected by cartilage
  - Synchondroses: Bones connected by hyaline cartilage, example: epiphyseal plate
  - Symphyses: Bones connected by fibrocartilage, example: pubic symphysis
- Synovial joints: Most movable joint types
  - Structure: Synovial cavity, articular cartilage, joint capsule (fibrous capsule and synovial membrane), ligaments, menisci, bursae, tendons
  - Location: Found in the limbs, skull, and vertebral column
  - Degree of movement allowed: Vary depending on the type of joint
Bursa: Fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between bones, tendons, and muscles
Tendon sheath: Tubular bursa that surrounds tendons, reduces friction during movement

Classification of Diarthrotic Joints

Uniaxial joints: Allow movement in one plane
- Plane joint: Flat surfaces that slide over one another, example: carpals, tarsals
- Hinge joint: Allows for flexion and extension, example: elbow, knee
- Pivot joint: Allows for rotation, example: proximal radioulnar joint
Biaxial joints: Allow movement in two planes
- Condyloid joint: Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction, example: wrist, knuckles
- Saddle joint: Allows similar movement to condyloid joint but with greater range of motion, example: carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Multiaxial joints: Allow movement in all planes
- Ball-and-socket joint: Allows for wide range of motion, example: shoulder, hip

Types of Synovial Joints

Shoulder joint: Ball-and-socket joint, allows for a wide range of movements, prone to instability
Hip joint: Ball-and-socket joint, very stable, allows for a wide range of movements
Elbow joint: Hinge joint between humerus and ulna, allows for flexion and extension
Knee joint: Large, complex hinge joint, allows for flexion, extension, and some rotation

Joint Disorders

Bursitis: Inflammation of the bursa
Tendonitis: Inflammation of a tendon
Arthritis: Inflammation of a joint
- Rheumatoid arthritis: Autoimmune disorder that attacks joint tissues
- Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease, wear and tear on joint cartilage
- Gouty arthritis: Excess uric acid in blood crystallizes in joints

Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal muscle: Attached to bones, responsible for voluntary movements, striated, multinucleated
Cardiac muscle: Found in the heart, involuntary, striated, branching with intercalated discs
Smooth muscle: Found in the walls of hollow organs, involuntary, non-striated, single-nucleated

Functional Characteristics of Muscles

Excitability: Ability to respond to stimuli
Contractility: Ability to shorten and thicken
Extensibility: Ability to be stretched
Elasticity: Ability to return to its original shape after stretching

Functions of Muscles

Movement: Responsible for all types of body movement
Maintain posture: Hold the body in position against gravity
Support soft tissues: Provides support and protection for internal organs
Regulate body temperature: Muscle contraction generates heat
Controls passage of substances: Smooth muscles control the movement of substances through body cavities

Skeletal Muscle Anatomy

Origin: Attachment of a muscle to the more stationary bone
Insertion: Attachment of a muscle to the more movable bone
Tendons: Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Aponeuroses: Broad, sheet-like tendons
Muscle coverings:
- Endomysium: Surrounds individual muscle fibers
- Perimysium: Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles
- Epimysium: Outermost covering of the muscle, merges with the tendon
- Deep fascia: Sheets of dense connective tissue that surround groups of muscles

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Structure

Sarcolemma: Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm: Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Sarcoplasmic reticulum: Network of tubules that stores calcium ions
Myofibrils: Contractile units of the muscle fiber, composed of sarcomeres

Sarcomere Structure

Myofilaments: Protein filaments within the sarcomere, composed of:
- Actin: Thin filament
- Myosin: Thick filament
Sarcomere: Functional unit of a myofibril, extends from one Z-disc to the next
Bands and lines/discs: Regions within the sarcomere with different protein arrangements:
- A band: Dark band containing both myosin and actin filaments
- I band: Light band containing only actin filaments
- H zone: Central region of the A band containing only myosin filaments
- M line: Midpoint of the H zone, anchors thick filaments
- Z disc: Separates adjacent sarcomeres, anchors thin filaments

Muscle Proteins

Actin: Provides binding sites for myosin heads
Myosin: Thick filament, contains myosin heads that bind to actin
Tropomyosin: Covers binding sites on actin when muscle is relaxed
Troponin: Binds to calcium ions, moves tropomyosin off the binding sites on actin, allowing for muscle contraction
Titin: Connects myosin to the Z disc, provides elasticity and stability to the sarcomere
Actinin: Acts as a structural protein, connecting actin filaments to the Z disc
Dystrophin: Helps link the sarcomere to the sarcolemma, strengthens the muscle fiber

Neuromuscular Junction

Synaptic transmission: Communication between a nerve and a muscle fiber
Motor neuron: Nerve that stimulates a muscle fiber
Motor end plate: Region of the muscle fiber where the neuron makes contact
Synaptic cleft: Small space between the neuron and the motor end plate
Neurotransmitter: Chemical messenger released by the neuron, acetylcholine

Skeletal Muscle Physiology

Sliding filament theory: Mechanism of muscle contraction
- Myosin heads bind to actin filaments, pull them toward the M line, shortening the sarcomere
- Requires calcium ions and ATP
Excitation-contraction coupling: Sequence of events that links the nerve impulse to muscle contraction
Mechanism of muscle contraction:
- Nerve impulse releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
- Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the sarcolemma, initiating an action potential
- Action potential travels along the sarcolemma and into the T-tubules (invaginations of the sarcolemma), which are connected to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, bind to troponin, shifting tropomyosin off the binding sites on actin
- Myosin heads can now bind to actin, pulling it toward the M line, shortening the sarcomere
Rigor mortis: Stiffening of muscles after death due to lack of ATP, preventing myosin from detaching from actin
Energy demands of muscles: Muscle contraction requires a lot of energy (ATP)
- ATP is produced by aerobic respiration (with oxygen) and anaerobic respiration (without oxygen)
- Creatine phosphate and glycogen are used to provide energy for short-term muscle contraction
Types of muscle fibers:
- Red muscle fibers: Slow-twitch, oxidative, contain a lot of myoglobin (red pigment that stores oxygen), fatigue resistant, used for endurance activities
- White muscle fibers: Fast-twitch, glycolytic, contain less myoglobin, fatigue more easily, used for short bursts of activity
- Pink muscle fibers: Intermediate fibers, have characteristics of both red and white fibers
Graded muscle contractions: Varying strength of muscle contraction, determined by:
- Number of motor units recruited: More motor units = stronger contraction
- Frequency of stimulation: Higher frequency = stronger contraction
Muscle twitch: Contraction of a single muscle fiber in response to a single stimulus
- Types of twitches:
  - Latent period: Short delay between stimulus and contraction
  - Contraction period: Muscle shortens
  - Relaxation period: Muscle returns to its resting length
Isometric contraction: Muscle tension increases but length remains the same, example: holding a heavy object
Isotonic contraction: Muscle tension remains constant while the muscle changes length, example: lifting a weight

Smooth Muscle

Structure: Spindle-shaped fibers, not striated, single nucleus, lack sarcomeres
Function: Controls involuntary movements of internal organs, regulates blood flow, and propels substances through body cavities
Differences from skeletal muscle:
- Slower contraction speed
- Can sustain a prolonged contraction with less fatigue
- Regulated by autonomic nervous system
Myasthenia gravis: Autoimmune disorder that attacks acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, results in muscle weakness and fatigue
Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Genetic disorder that weakens muscles over time due to a lack of dystrophin, affecting mainly boys

Muscles of the Head and Neck (Selected muscles):

Epicranius (occipitofrontalis): Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
Orbicularis oculi: Closes the eyelids
Orbicularis oris: Closes the mouth, purses lips
Zygomaticus major and minor: Smiling muscles
Mentalis: Pouts the lower lip
Platysma: Draws the corners of the mouth down, tenses the skin of the neck
Masseter: Closes the jaw
Temporalis: Closes the jaw, elevates and retracts mandible
Buccinator: Compresses cheeks, helps with chewing, holds food between teeth
Sternocleidomastoid: Flexes the neck, rotates the head to the opposite side

Anterior Trunk Muscles that Move the Arm and Shoulder (Selected muscles):

Pectoralis major: Flexes, adducts, and rotates the arm medially
Deltoid: Abducts, flexes, extends, and rotates the arm
Serratus anterior: Protracts and rotates the scapula upward
Pectoralis minor: Depresses and protracts the scapula
Biceps brachii: Flexes the elbow, supinates the forearm
Brachioradialis: Flexes the elbow

Posterior Trunk Muscles that Move the Arm and Shoulder (Selected muscles):

Trapezius: Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula; extends the head
Latissimus dorsi: Extends, adducts, and rotates the arm medially
Triceps brachii: Extends the elbow
Infraspinatus: Externally rotates the arm
Teres major: Extends, adducts, and rotates the arm medially
Teres minor: Externally rotates the arm
Rhomboids major and minor: Retract and elevate the scapula

Muscles that Move the Wrist and Hand (Selected muscles):

Flexor carpi ulnaris: Flexes and adducts the wrist
Flexor digitorum superficialis: Flexes the middle phalanges of the fingers
Extensor digitorum: Extends the fingers
Extensor carpi ulnaris: Extends and adducts the wrist

Trunk Muscles that Move the Abdomen (Selected muscles):

Rectus abdominis: Flexes the vertebral column, compresses the abdomen
External oblique: Rotates and flexes the vertebral column, compresses the abdomen
Internal oblique: Rotates and flexes the vertebral column, compresses the abdomen
Transversus abdominis: Compresses the abdomen

Muscles of Respiration (Selected muscles):

External intercostals: Elevate ribs during inspiration
Internal intercostals: Depress ribs during forced expiration
Diaphragm: Prime mover of inspiration

Anterior Muscles that Move the Leg at the Hip and/or Move the Knee (Selected muscles):

Iliopsoas: Flexes the hip joint
Sartorius: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip joint; flexes the knee
Gracilis: Adducts the hip joint; flexes the knee
Adductor longus: Adducts the hip joint
Quadriceps femoris: Extends the knee
- Rectus femoris: Extends the knee and flexes the hip
- Vastus lateralis: Extends the knee
- Vastus medialis: Extends the knee
- Vastus intermedius: Extends the knee

Posterior Muscles that Move the Leg at the Hip and/or Move the Knee (Selected muscles):

Gluteus maximus: Extends and laterally rotates the hip
Gluteus medius: Abducts the hip, prevents the pelvis from dipping when walking
Gluteus minimus: Abducts and medially rotates the hip
Hamstring muscles: Flex the knee and extend the hip
- Biceps femoris: Extends the hip, flexes the knee, laterally rotates the leg
- Semitendinosus: Extends hip, flexes the knee, medially rotates the leg
- Semimembranosus: Extends the hip, flexes the knee, medially rotates the leg
Gastrocnemius: Plantar flexes the foot
Soleus: Plantar flexes the foot
Tibialis anterior: Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot
Peroneus longus: Plantar flexes and everts the foot
Peroneus brevis: Plantar flexes and everts the foot

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Test your knowledge on muscle anatomy, contractions, and their physiological roles with this quiz. It covers key concepts such as muscle fibers, neurotransmitters, and conditions affecting muscle strength. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.