Concepts of Biology BIOL101 PDF

BIOL101, Concepts of Biology Daniel Carr Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Tenth Edition Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Biology is the Scientific Study...

BIOL101, Concepts of Biology Daniel Carr Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Tenth Edition Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Biology is the Scientific Study of Life What is life? Properties of life include order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, regulation, response to the environment, and evolutionary adaptation. The cell is the structural and functional unit of life. It is the smallest unit that shows these properties. Examples: Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  The Diversity of Life is arranged 1.2 into Three Domains Although the debate continues, there is consensus among biologists that life can be organized into three higher levels called domains (taxonomy). – Domains Bacteria and Archaea contain organisms with simple cells. – Domain Eukarya includes various protists and the kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. (not simple cells) Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Fig. 1.2 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  In Life’s Hierarchy of Organization, New 1.3 Properties Emerge at Each Level Biologists study life across a very broad range of scales, from the molecules in a cell to the entire living planet. Emergent properties result from the specific arrangement and interactions among component parts. Hierarchy of life: Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Process of Science Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.4 What Is Science? Science is a way of knowing or understanding the natural world. – Science uses an evidence-based process of inquiry to investigate the natural world. – The scientific approach involves observations, hypotheses, predictions, tests of hypotheses via experiments or additional observations, and analysis of data. – A scientific theory is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.5 Hypotheses Can Be Tested Using Controlled Experiments In an experimental test of a hypothesis, researchers often manipulate one component in a system and observe the effects of this change. – The factor that is manipulated is called the independent variable. – The measure used to judge the outcome of the experiment is called the dependent variable. (Depends on the manipulated variable.) – A controlled experiment compares an experimental group with a control group. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table 1.5 Results, Camouflage Experiment Habitat Number of Attacks Number of Attacks % Attacks on on Camouflaged on Noncamouflaged Noncamouflaged Models Models Models Beach (light 2 5 71% habitat) Inland (dark 5 16 76% habitat) Data from S. N. Vignieri et al., The selective advantage of crypsis in mice, Evolution 64: 2153–8 (2010). Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.7 The Process of Science Is Repetitive, Nonlinear, and Collaborative Forming and testing hypotheses are at the core of science. This endeavor is influenced by three spheres: 1. exploration and discovery, 2. analysis and feedback from the scientific community, and 3. societal benefits and outcomes. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.7 The Process of Science Is Repetitive, Nonlinear, and Collaborative Forming and testing hypotheses are at the core of science. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Five Unifying Themes in Biology Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.9 Theme: Evolution Is the Core Theme of Biology (1 of 4) Life is distinguished by its unity and its diversity. The scientific explanation for this unity and diversity is evolution, the process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest forms to the vast array of organisms living today. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theme: Evolution Is the Core Theme of Biology (2 of 4) Darwin synthesized the theory of evolution by natural selection. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theme: Evolution Is the Core Theme of Biology (3 of 4) Each species on Earth today has a family history. A species represents one twig on a branching tree of life that extends back in time through ancestral species more and more remote. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theme: Life Depends on the Flow of Information – DNA is responsible for heredity and for programming the activities of a cell by providing the blueprint for proteins. – Information from the external and internal environment includes the stimuli, signals, and pathways that regulate body processes and gene expression. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theme: Structure and Function Are Related At the molecular level, the structure of a protein correlates with its function. For example, hemoglobin molecules transport oxygen in blood. On the cellular level, the long extensions of nerve cells enable them to transmit impulses from your spinal cord to your toes. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theme: Life Depends on the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction: – entering as sunlight, – converted to chemical energy by producers, – passed on to consumers, and – exiting as heat. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theme: Life Depends on the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter Ecosystems are characterized by the cycling of matter: – from the atmosphere and soil, – through producers, consumers, and decomposers, – then back to the environment. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theme: Life Depends on Interactions Within and Between Systems The study of life extends from the microscopic scale of the molecules and cells that make up an organism to the global scale of the living planet. Emergent properties are the result of interactions between the components of a system. Using an approach called systems biology, scientists attempt to model the behavior of biological systems by analyzing the interactions among their parts. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.