BIOL 105 Lecture 14 PDF

BIOL 105 Chapter 14 Introduction to Biology Figure 14.1 Plants dominate the landscape and play an integral role in human societies. (a) Palm trees grow in tropical or subtropical climates; (b) wheat is a crop in most of the world; the flower of (c) the cotton plant produces fibers t...

BIOL 105 Chapter 14 Introduction to Biology Figure 14.1 Plants dominate the landscape and play an integral role in human societies. (a) Palm trees grow in tropical or subtropical climates; (b) wheat is a crop in most of the world; the flower of (c) the cotton plant produces fibers that are woven into fabric; the potent alkaloids of (d) the beautiful opium poppy have influenced human life both as a medicinal remedy and as a dangerously addictive drug. (credit a: modification of work by “3BoysInSanDiego”/Wikimedia Commons; credit b: modification of work by Stephen Ausmus, USDA ARS; credit c: modification of work by David Nance, USDA ARS; credit d: modification of work by Jolly Janner) This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources. Defining Kingdom Plantae Terrestrial, obtain Multicellular, Cell walls of cellulose, nutrients from soil, photosynthetic starch for storage oxygen and CO2 from autotrophs air through stomata Produce lignin and Internal fertilization Alternation of sporopollenin (embryophytes) generations Alternation of Generation Bryophyta - Mosses Form mats of tightly packed plants No true stems, leaves or roots Both gametophyte and sporophyte are large Sphagnum ecologically important 7 Sphagnum Bog Figure 14.4 This life cycle of a moss shows alternation of generations with a dominant gametophyte stage. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal) This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.  The Vascular Plants - Tracheophytes True roots, stems and leaves Vascular tissue (xylem & phloem) Lignification (in trees and larger vascular plants) 10 Apical meristems Apical meristem Developing of shoot leaves Apical meristem of root Root 100 µm Shoot 100 µm Apical meristems of plant roots and shoots Figure 14.3 This life cycle of a fern shows alternation of generations with a dominant sporophyte stage. (credit “fern”: modification of work by Cory Zanker; credit “gametophyte”: modification of work by “Vlmastra”/Wikimedia Commons) This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources. Pterophyta - Ferns Well represented in the Ferns often with very tropics, many extant, large leaves (fronds) greatest diversity in often highly divided. tropics. Sporangia on underside Small to as large as of fronds, arranged in small trees (tree ferns). sori, covered in various ways or naked. Pteridium aquilinum Polystichum munitum Polystichum munitum - Sori Polystichum munitum - Fiddlehead Pterophyta - Horsetails Abundant in fossil Ribbed stems with Sporangia borne in record, some up silica, reduced strobili at tip of to 15 m tall! leaves in whorls. stems. Prefer moist A single extant locations in most genus, Equisetum cases Equisetum arvense Equisetum hyemale The Uniqueness of Seeds Seed contains the embryo (derived from female gametophyte) and is for dispersal. Pollen contains the male gametophyte. Gametophytes in seed plants are never free- living. Figure 14.19 This image shows the lifecycle of a conifer. This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.  Immature ovulate cone Integument (2n) Female Seed coat gametophyte (n) Megaspore (n) Spore Spore wall Egg nucleus wall (n) Discharged Food Megasporangium sperm nucleus supply (2n) (n) (n) Pollen Male Pollen tube Embryo (2n) Micropyle grain (n) gametophyte (n) (a) Unfertilized ovule (b) Fertilized ovule (c) Gymnosperm seed Figure 14.20 Conifers are the dominant form of vegetation in cold or arid environments and at high altitudes. Shown here are the (a) evergreen spruce, (b) sequoia, (c) juniper, and (d) a deciduous gymnosperm: the tamarack Larix laricina. Notice the yellow leaves of the tamarack. (credit b: modification of work by Alan Levine; credit c: modification of work by Wendy McCormac; credit d: modification of work by Micky Zlimen) This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources. Figure 14.21 This Encephalartos ferox cycad exhibits large cones. (credit: Wendy Cutler) This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources. Figure 14.22 This plate from the 1870 book Flora Japonica, Sectio Prima (Tafelband) depicts the leaves and fruit of Gingko biloba, as drawn by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini. This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources. Figure 14.23 Ephedra viridis, known by the common name Mormon tea, grows in the western United States. (credit: US National Park Service, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database) This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources. Division Anthophyta Most diverse and geographically widespread of all plants. 2 Classes: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons (Dicots) Liliopsida – Monocotyledons (Monocots) Flowers & Fruits 29  Stigma Carpel Stamen Anther Style Filament Ovary Petal Sepal Ovule Receptacle Figure 14.25 This image depicts the structure of a perfect and complete flower. Perfect flowers carry both male and female floral organs. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal) This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources. Figure 14.26 This diagram shows the lifecycle of an angiosperm. Anthers and ovaries are structures that shelter the actual gametophytes: the pollen grain and embryo sac. Double fertilization is a process unique to angiosperms. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal) This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources. Figure 14.27 Double fertilization occurs only in angiosperms. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal) This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources. Figure 14.28 Monoecious plants have both male and female reproductive structures on the same flower or plant. In dioecious plants, males and females reproductive structures are on separate plants. (credit a: modification of work by Liz West; credit c: modification of work by Scott Zona) This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources. Flower/Pollinator Adaptations Generalist pollinators – Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Specialized pollinators Hummingbird flowers Beetle flowers Fly flowers Tropical bee mimics Wind pollination 35 Seed Dispersal Adaptations Specific adaptations Fruit develops from the Feathery appendages ovary and encloses the Wings seeds. Edible and appealing to animals Hooks and bristles for clinging to fur/feathers Exploding Touch-Me-Not Seed Pods The Value of Angiosperms Provide bulk of Source of many our food useful drugs Angiosperms, along with other Provide pleasure plants and algae to many people absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen 40