Proteins: Lecture Notes PDF - Biochemistry

1/0/ 0202 ‫محاضرة السبت‬ ‫صابرين‬.‫د‬ ‫ندى اياد‬: ‫كتابة من قبل الطالبة‬ Q1/difference protein and amino acid? A)1) Proteins are polymers of amino acids that are linked covalently through peptide bonds. 2)Amino acid: an organic compound containing both amino and carboxyl functional groups, si...

1/0/ 0202 ‫محاضرة السبت‬ ‫صابرين‬.‫د‬ ‫ندى اياد‬: ‫كتابة من قبل الطالبة‬ Q1/difference protein and amino acid? A)1) Proteins are polymers of amino acids that are linked covalently through peptide bonds. 2)Amino acid: an organic compound containing both amino and carboxyl functional groups, simplest units of proteins. Q2/ Classifications of protein? A: Proteins may classified based on what they are built from as: simple proteins complex proteins : - apoproteins, - conjugated proteins B: Based on their shape proteins can be classified as fibrous proteins and globular proteins Proteins have four levels of structure -Primary structure -Secondary structure -Tertiary structure BY; A_NAZAR -Quaternary structures. Q3/ Give of fuctions of proteins?(only 3) A) used to construct or build our body catalyze biochemical reactions as an enzyme regulate body metabolism as hormones Q4/ enumarate of Type of plasma protein? glycoproteins, ceruloplasmin, C-reactive protein, complements, fibrinogen and immunoglobulins. Q5/ what is a meaning : 1)Hypoprotienemia 2)Hypeprotienemia A) The relative hypoproteinemia --hemodilution. The relative hyperproteinemia-hemoconcentration. Q6/ enumarate the most synthes? A) including CSF, Interstitial fluid, urine, and amniotic fluid. Q7/Why the albumine disloven high in water? A) Because of its high net negative charge at physiological pH, highly soluble in water, but does not have carbohydrate side chain. BY; A_NAZAR Q8/Give the phasiologic of albumine? Or fuction albumine? 1-maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure in both the vascular and extra vascular space 2-Binding and transportation of large number of compounds, including free fatty acids, phospholipids, metallic ions, amino acids, drugs, hormones and bilirubin. Q9/Give clincal phasiologic decreased that of albumine? Edema and ascitis Urinary loss Inflammatory conditions Gastrointestinal loss Hepatic disease Protein energy malnutrition Q10/ Which life cycle of albumine? Cause for an increase level of albumin acute dehydration and has no clinical significance. BY; A_NAZAR  Proteins 8/0/ 0202 ‫محاضرة السبت‬ ‫صابرين‬.‫د‬ ‫ندى اياد‬: ‫كتابة من قبل الطالبة‬ Q1/Enumarate the main of properties of protein? A/1-Molecular size 2-Differential solubility 3-Electrical charge 4-Specific binding to antibodies, coenzymes, or hormone receptors. Q2/ Define amino acids? A/Amino acids : are organic acids containing an amino group (NH2) and a carboxylic acid (COOH) group. The side chain can be, aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic, containing sulphar group. Q3 /How Can Classifications OF Amino acids of the Chemical structure ? ‫كل نوع مثال واحد‬ A/ 1. neutral amino acids: are the largest group which are divided into: a.aliphatic amino acids ( glycine). b. aromatic amino acids ( tyrosine). c. heterocyclic amino acids ( histidine). d. sulpher containing amino acid ( cystine ) 2. Acidic amino acids ( glutamic acid ) 3. Basic amino acids (Lysine ). Q4/ Enumarate of Three Type of essential amino acids? A/Essential amino acids : valine, lysine, leucine. Q5/ Why Can Classifications in the body amino acid? ‫لكل نوع مثال واحد‬ Q6/Mention the main of function of amino acid? A/ 1. Some amino acids converted to CHO , called as glucogenic a.a. 2. Some amino acid are converted to acetyl COA called ketogenic amino 3. Glycine and cysteine help in synthesis of bile salts. 4. Thyroid hormone, epinephrine, nor epinephrine , and pigment melanine are synthesis from tyrosine. Q7/Enumarate of secreation. Of the following? A/ A. In stomach : enzyme are: 1. Rennin 2. Pepsin -- Rennin is active in infants and is involved in curdling of milk (milk- clotting enzyme). acts on casein converting it to soluble para casein. -- Pepsin is secreted from chief cells of stomach as inactive pepsinogen. B. Pancreatic juice : contain trypsin , chymotrypsin , elastas etc. C. Intestinal juice: complete digestion of the small peptides to amino acids. Q8/ Mention of the mean role of gastric Hcl? A/ 1. It causes denaturation of proteins. 2. Converts proteins to meta proteins, which are easily digested. 3. Activate pepsinogen to pepsin. Q9/ Define the dynamic equllibrim? A/ Dynamic Equilibrium: It means there are balance in synthesis and Break down of tissues (protein). Q10/ What is the meaing positive nitirogen and nagiitve nitrogen? A/ Positive nitrogen: means amount of nitrogen intake in food is more than nitrogen excretion in urine. ex: growing periods , pregnancy , adolescence. Negative nitrogen: means nitrogen intake in food is less than nitrogen excretion in urine. ex: starvation, malnutrition, low protein intake, old age. Q11/ What is the meaning of the protein Catabolism of Break down ? A/ a. transamination c. Decarboxylation e. utilization of nitrogen to glutamine b. oxidative deamination d. formation of urea