Biochem Tutoring 09_24.pdf

Phosphorylase = Adds a Phosphate WI ATP Phosphatase = Removes a phosphate. GLUT-4 = INSULIN DEPENDENT. what Process occurs when there is an in Insulin in the cell ? 4 ↳ Exocyto...

Phosphorylase = Adds a Phosphate WI ATP Phosphatase = Removes a phosphate. GLUT-4 = INSULIN DEPENDENT. what Process occurs when there is an in Insulin in the cell ? 4 ↳ Exocytosis G LOT - via the 4 receptors Intraluminal Digestion= Pancreatic amylase digest polysaccharides to disacharides. Membrane Digestion = Dissacharides complet final digestion via brush border enzymes.  which d ↑ Glucagon -d PFR-2 F2, 3 - BP Glucokinase = Most Tissues Hexokinase = Liver + Pancreatic Beta cells ↓ ATP->4 Affinity for F6-P ↳ It needs the ATP so it ↑ the affinity to get it more easily Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency = Can't make ATP which misshapens the RBC. RBC can't complete giucolusis. This causes premature destruction of RBCs (Hemolutic Anemia) Irreversible Steps/Regulator Enzymes of Glucolusis : - Hexokinase - Glucose to GG-P - PFR > - Fructose 6-p to Fructose G, BP puruvate - Kinase - Phosphopheno Dyrovan to pyruvate ↑ (a - 4 PDH ↑ NADH-APDH ↓ ATP ->4 PDH Main Enzyme in Puruvate PDH = Dehydrogenase Products of PDH = Acetyl COA NADH CO2, , Krebs Cycle = In Mitochondrial Matrix Products of Krebs Cycle = 3 NADH , FADH GTP, 2 CO2 Rate limiting Enzyme of = Isocitrate Krebs cycle Denudrogenase Rxn of Lipoic Acid a ketogluturate e succin = COA Cyanide Binds irreversibly to = complex of Interfering wh steps in the fiC leads to : ↓ ATP, ↓O2 4 NADH/FADM , ratio uncoupling proteins = Found in brown adipose tissue r participates in thermogenesis. ADP activates Isocitrate Dehydrogenase and ↑ ETC + Krebs Cycle. Coenzyme Q = 2 Cytochrome C = 314 3 Gluconeogenesis Glycerol Lactate, = Precursors , Amino Acids. Gluconeogenesis Locations = Liver a Kidneys 3 irreversible rxns that need to be bypassed ingluconeogenes is ↳ Giucokinase e aircose 6- Phosphatase PFR 1- - F 1 , 6 BP Pyruvate Kinase - > PEP Carboxylase  ↑ ATD -d Lincolysis , ↑Gluconeo ↑ F2 , 6 BP - ↓ alucolusis, 4 Gluconeo In fasting - > Glucagon is released and is activated glucogenesis. Pyruvate Carboxylase = Allosterically activated by Acetyl Cott PDH = Inactivated by Acetyl Cot complex Alcoholics are susceptible to. Cytoplasmic NADH hypoglycemia is formed.  for Hexokinase = Highkm/Low affinity Fructose. Essential Fructosuria = de Fructokinase. ↑ Fructose in urine. HFl = Aldolase B deficiency Polyol Pathway = ↳ Glucose - Sorbitol via aldo se reductase Sorbitole Fructose via sorbitol dehydrogenase ↑ Sorbitol e Peripheral ↑ Neuropathy cataracts. Classic Galactosemia = Gall-P uridultransfrase  4 a 1, linkage = Primary linkage of giucogen 8 10 residues every - a 1,b glucosidic vintage Rate of limiting Enzyme Glycogen Glucogenesis = synthase Glycogenin = Produces short glucosyl chains (Primers) Substrate for = UDP-Glucose Glycogenesis Debranching Enzymes for = Transferase Glucogen N Glucosidase Lack of Glycogen Mcardles e Phosphorylase & HERS Von Gielke = ↓ Glucose 6-phosphatase Glncogenolysis - Glucose is high Glycogen Synthased > - Glucose G-p Insulin ↓ Glycogen Synthase Inhibitors of AMP, = Glucagon , Glycogen PhosphorylaseEpinephrine PPP - Make NADPH & Ribose 5-P Glucose 6 Phosphate Impairs RBC = ability Dehydrogenase to make NADPHo cause hemolysis Triggers for GGPD = Infection Fava , , oxidant drugs Causes of CGD Defect in NADPH = NADPH Synthesizes Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitric Oxide > - Fight bactria , rasodilation ppPrate-limiting - Glucose 6 Enzyme Phosphate denudrogenase