BIOB 170 Test 1 2024_A_key.docx

Biology 170 – Test 1, Spring 2024 TEST FORM: A Name: 790 Student ID: Fill out your name, 790 student ID and Test Form on your scantron. Scantrons without this information CANNOT BE GRADED. Choose the one answer that best completes the statement or answers the question. Circle your answers on this te...

Biology 170 – Test 1, Spring 2024 TEST FORM: A Name: 790 Student ID: Fill out your name, 790 student ID and Test Form on your scantron. Scantrons without this information CANNOT BE GRADED. Choose the one answer that best completes the statement or answers the question. Circle your answers on this test, as well as indicating your answers on your scantron. You will hand in both this test and your scantron. Which atmospheric gas has substantially increased in concentration in the last 200 years? Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Carbon dioxide All of the above Mass extinction events have been caused by: Asteroids hitting the earth Changing temperatures Changing concentrations of atmospheric gases Changing sea levels All of the above The Burgess Shales are important because they: Contain fossils of the first primates. Contain diverse fossils of many multicellular organisms during the Cambrian Explosion Capture the Great Oxygenation Event Are a rich source of oil and gas Allow us to date the age of the Earth Choose the words that best complete this statement: About 1.8 billion years ago, an endosymbiotic event between __________ and ________ led to ____________. Cyanobacteria; eukaryotes; photosynthetic eukaryotes Cyanobacteria; alphaproteobacterial; Archaea Alphaproteobacteria; Archaea; Eukaryotes Eukaryotes; Alphaproteobacteria; Archae Eukaryotes; Archaea; Cyanobacteria Which group of organisms was primarily responsible for oxygenation of our planet? Plants Fungi Cyanobacteria Animals Diatoms This is a photograph taken by a former Biology 170 student in northwestern Montana. It is important since it shows: Fossils of some of the first large multicellular Ediacaran organisms. Fossil stromatolites – layered communities of cyanobacteria Fossil evidence of the first Eukaryotes Fossils of organisms from the Cambrian Explosion Fossils of some of the first Archaea Which of the following statements is correct? For about the first two billion years after the Earth formed, all life was microscopic. Most life on Earth is now microscopic. Microbes play a crucial part in generating oxygen. Microbes live on virtually every place on Earth. All of the above. The cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus: is the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth is one of the smallest photosynthetic organisms on Earth has a tiny genome for a free-living microbe was not discovered until recently all of the above How do Influenza viruses store their genetic material? Single-stranded DNA Double-stranded DNA Double-stranded RNA Single-stranded RNA Influenza viruses can be so dangerous because: They can jump between many different hosts. Their genetic material is packed in eight different segments, which allows for genetic reassortment. They have many different variants of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. They have a high mutation rate. All of the above. Which parts of an Influenza virus are responsible for it entering into a host cell: Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase RNA fragment 6 Corona spikes Reverse DNA polymerase PCR Mammals constitute about what percentage of all species on Earth? 0.005% 1% 5% 15% Of all the species that have been described and classified so far: most are bacteria most are insects most are slime molds most are mammals Why is DNA a better information storage molecule than RNA? DNA has more nucleotides than RNA and so can store more information. DNA is more stable than RNA. DNA uses ribose in its sugar-phosphate backbone. All of the above. None of the above. Which of the following is a function of our gut microbes? a. They break down organic carbon that we cannot digest. b. They manufacture vitamins that we are unable to make and rarely obtain in sufficient quantities from the food that we eat. c. Some produce hormones that can influence our mood. d. All of the above. e. None of the above. Which of the following statements about pathogenic microorganisms are correct? Many diverse lineages of the domain Bacteria have pathogenic members. Most bacteria cause disease in humans. Many archaea cause disease in humans. All of the above. None of the above. According to the phylogeny, which is more closely related to a painted turtle? Human. Frog. The term used for the independent evolution of similar traits is: Natural selection. Convergent evolution. Synapomorphy. Paraphyly. A shared, derived trait is called a: Convergent trait. Paraphyletic trait. Polyphyletic trait. Synapomorphy. According to this phylogeny, reptiles (Reptilia) are: Monophyletic. Paraphyletic. Polyphyletic. In this phylogeny, the group of “endotherms” (Mammalia and Aves) – that is, “warm-blooded organisms”- is: Monophyletic. Paraphyletic. Polyphyletic. Which of the phylogenies shown below are equivalent? A and B b. A and C c. B and C d. They are all equivalent. e. They are all different. The process by which an organism acquires new DNA from a donor organism is called: Vertical inheritance. Horizontal gene transfer. Meiosis. Binary fission. True or false: Some bacteria are multicellular. a. True. b. False. Which of the following statements about viruses is correct? All viruses store their genetic information as DNA. Viruses greatly outnumber cellular organisms. Viruses have a single evolutionary origin. All of the above. None of the above. The idea that viruses are the descendants of degenerated cells that lost autonomy and became obligate parasites has recently become more popular with the discovery of giant viruses like Mimivirus. This hypothesis is referred to as the: Virus early hypothesis. Chimeric origins hypothesis. Regression hypothesis. Escaped genes hypothesis. During translation, the large subunit RNA of the ribosome catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids. An RNA that can catalyze a chemical reaction is called: A tRNA. An mRNA. A ribozyme. An enzyme. Which of the following statements is true? All autotrophs are phototrophs. All phototrophs produce oxygen during photosynthesis. Many phototrophic organisms eat organic carbon. All of the above. None of the above. The bacterium Thermocrinis ruber is commonly found at near boiling temperatures in alkaline hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. It uses hydrogen gas (H2) as a source of energy and also uses oxygen in its energy metabolism. This organism is an: Aerobic chemolithotroph. Anaerobic chemolithotroph. Aerobic chemoheterotroph. Anaerobic chemoheterotroph. The bacterium Desulfotomaculum uses the organic carbon chemical compound benzene (a component of gasoline) as its source of energy and also uses sulfate (SO42) in its energy metabolism. This organism is an: Aerobic chemolithotroph. Anaerobic chemolithotroph. Aerobic chemoheterotroph. Anaerobic chemoheterotroph. Which of the following is a possible usable source of energy for organisms? Solar radiation. Organic chemicals. Inorganic chemicals. All of the above. a. and b. only. Which of the following statements about phototrophs are correct? Diverse phototrophs use different kinds of chlorophylls. Some phototrophs produce oxygen, and others don’t. Many different groups of bacteria have phototrophic members. All of the above. None of the above. Which of the following statements about life at near boiling temperatures in Yellowstone National Park is correct? These communities contain a large number of different kinds of bacteria. The primary producers of these communities are phototrophs. The primary producers of these communities are chemolithoautotrophs. All of the above. None of the above. The current record holder for high temperature tolerance: Was discovered from deep sea hydrothermal vents, where water remains liquid at very high temperatures due to the high pressure of these environments. Was discovered in the hot pools of Yellowstone National Park. Is a member of the Eukarya. Can also grow at very low temperatures, approaching the freezing point of water. The central dogma of molecular biology states: Protein makes RNA makes DNA. DNA makes RNA makes protein. RNA makes DNA makes protein. Protein makes DNA makes RNA.