BIO 150 Fungi Lecture Outline PDF

BIO 150: Diversity & History of Life Skeletal Outline for Lecture Lecture Topic: Fungi Note: On the last page of this skeletal outline there is a blank phylogenetic tree for the Fungi Lineage. Keep this page out and available during the next few lectures to map synapomorphies. Introduction to Fung...

BIO 150: Diversity & History of Life Skeletal Outline for Lecture Lecture Topic: Fungi Note: On the last page of this skeletal outline there is a blank phylogenetic tree for the Fungi Lineage. Keep this page out and available during the next few lectures to map synapomorphies. Introduction to Fungi Opisthokonta Clade Evidence that Fungi are Closely Related to Animals 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Draw a Fungus in the Space Below BIO 150: Diversity & History of Life Skeletal Outline for Lecture Fungal Morphology Fungal Cell Walls o Composed of ________________________, which is a long-chain polymer o Most animals cannot digest chitin without the help of ______________________ Extracellular Digestion o Definition: _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ o Fungi________________________________ that break down food. The digested compounds are then ________________________________________________. § Animals also perform _____________________________ but it takes place inside a digestive tract. Two growth forms exist 1. ____________________________ called ___________________________. 2. ____________________________, _________________________ forms that are composed of ____________________________________. § Some species can adopt both forms Hyphae o Definition: _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ o A mass of hyphae is called a ___________________ (Plural: ________________) o Each filament is separated into cells by cross-walls called ___________________ that have gaps called ________________ § Nutrients move rapidly through these _______________, from regions of _______________ to regions of _______________ o Mycelia are _________________________. They constantly grow in the direction of ________________________ and die back in areas where _________________________________________. o The body shape of a fungus can ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ BIO 150: Diversity & History of Life Skeletal Outline for Lecture o Benefits: 1. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________ o Costs: 1. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Major Clades within Fungi Groups have been defined by _____________________________________________ Fungal ancestors were _______________________ and had _____________________ _____________________________________________ o Present in all modern _______________________________ Terrestrial Fungi evolved new structures Comparison of Basidiomycota & Ascomycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota Fruiting Body Spores Spore Location Spore Number BIO 150: Diversity & History of Life Skeletal Outline for Lecture Major Groups of Fungi Name & Drawing of Common Synapomorphies & Key Phylum Reproductive Name(s) Features Structure Chytridiomycota Zygomycetes (Zoopagomycota & Mucoromycota) Glomeromycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota BIO 150: Diversity & History of Life Skeletal Outline for Lecture Reproduction Reproductive stage of the life cycle is called the ______________________________, more commonly called the _______________________________. o This stage produces ____________________________ that resist drying out and lie ________________________ until conditions are optimal. o Macroscopic morphology of this stage is _______________________________. o The stage is composed of _______________________________________. Rather than having two sexes, fungi have _________________________________ and sexual reproduction can occur between any two of these. ___________________ occurs in two steps: 1. _______________________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________________ Life Cycle Diagram BIO 150: Diversity & History of Life Skeletal Outline for Lecture Symbioses with Other Organisms Mutualism: ______________________________________________________________ Parasitism: ______________________________________________________________ Mycorrhizal Fungi Definition: _______________________________________________________________ The first plants in the fossil record are closely associated with _____________________ o The ability to ________________________________________________ may have been crucial in the early evolution of land plants Approximately ____________________ of land plants today live in physical contact with fungi. o The Fungi get ________________________ from the plant, and the plant gets ______________________________ from the fungi Ectomycorrhizal Fungi (_______): ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Endomycorrhizal Fungi, or Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (_______): _________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Lichens Definition: _______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ o Sometimes also include a _________________________________, but this was only discovered five years ago! Label the cross section below. Where would the yeast be (if present)? BIO 150: Diversity & History of Life Skeletal Outline for Lecture Body Forms: 1. _____________________________________________ a. _________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________ a. _________________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________ a. _________________________________________________________ Fungal Parasites Chytridiomycosis o Infects _____________________ o Cause of Death: ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ o The ___________________________________________ of chytrids facilitate spread across globe White Nose Syndrome o Infects: ___________________ o Cause of Death: ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Zombie Insects & Cordyceps Fungi o Infects: ___________________ o Cause of Death: ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ BIO 150: Diversity & History of Life Skeletal Outline for Lecture Importance of Fungi Carbon Cycle __________________________________ are organism that ______________________ ______________________________. Without this, all _________________________ in the bodies of dead organisms would stay there forever. Fungal Disease There are about _________________ of parasitic fungi that cause human illness Examples: ____________________________________________________ Skin diseases are mostly caused by _______________________________, but are usually not life-threatening, except in ____________________________ people. o Treatment is difficult because _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Valley Fever o Inhaled ___________________________________ o ________% of infected never show symptoms, others get __________ symptoms o In serious cases, it can lead to _________________________________________ Deadly Fungi – Death Cap Mushroom Species: ________________________________________ Invasive species from Europe that now lives in __________________________________ With _____________________________ trees in CA Look just like safe mushrooms but eating __________________ can kill you! Recognition features: 1. _________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________ BIO 150: Diversity & History of Life Skeletal Outline for Lecture Lecture Learning Objectives By the end of the lectures for this topic, you should know or be able to perform all the items/tasks listed below. As you read the textbook and review the lecture material, WRITE and/or DRAW a response to every one of the learning objectives listed below. Each objective will require a few sentences (some will be less, some more). This will help you focus your attention on the most important aspects of lecture and the reading material AND as you work you will be creating an exam study guide! 1. How do we know fungi are closely related to animals? 2. What are the common features of a fungus? How do fungi eat? How does their body form aid in feeding efficiency? What are the costs and benefits of this body form? 3. What two growth forms do fungus take? 4. What’s the difference between hyphae and mycelium? 5. Know the fungal tree, with the synapomorphies of each group boxed on the lecture slides. Which groups are monophyletic and which are not monophyletic? 6. What are the major differences between Ascomycota and Basidiomycota? 7. What is the fruiting body? 8. Know the asexual and sexual reproduction fungal life cycles, including what ploidy level the fungal hyphae are at each stage, and where meiosis, mitosis, plasmogamy, and karyogamy are occurring. 9. What are the major differences between Ascomycota and Basidiomycota? 10. What are mycorrhizal fungi (MF)? What kinds of MF are there? What are the plants and fungi each getting out of these symbioses? 11. What is a lichen? What kind of organisms are in a lichen? Draw a lichen cross section. What forms of lichens exist? 12. What are some examples of fungal parasitism of animals we discussed in lecture? 13. How do fungi contribute to the global carbon cycle? 14. What are some examples of fungal diseases in humans? Why are they difficult to treat? 15. What are the symptoms of Valley Fever? How do humans contract it? 16. How do you ID a death cap mushroom? Why are they dangerous? How do they harm you? BIO 150: Diversity & History of Life Skeletal Outline for Lecture