Biology of Fungi Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used for a mass of hyphae?

  • Mycelium (correct)
  • Mushroom
  • Filament
  • Spore

What are the cross-walls in hyphae called?

  • Cortex
  • Septae (correct)
  • Filaments
  • Capsules

What is the primary function of the gaps in the cross-walls of hyphae?

  • Protection from pathogens
  • Storing energy
  • Reproduction
  • Facilitating nutrient movement (correct)

Mycelia persistently grow towards which regions?

<p>Regions with higher concentrations of nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the body shape of a fungus?

<p>It can change based on environmental conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are fungal cell walls primarily composed of?

<p>Chitin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process do fungi use to break down food before absorption?

<p>Extracellular digestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary distinction in where animals perform digestion compared to fungi?

<p>Animals digest food outside their body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two growth forms of fungi mentioned?

<p>Filamentous and yeast-like (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic separates fungi from other organisms regarding their ability to digest chitin?

<p>Most animals cannot digest chitin without assistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the major clades within fungi?

<p>They're defined by specific ancestors and features (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about spore production is correct?

<p>Basidiomycota have a higher number of spores than Ascomycota (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reproductive stage of the fungal life cycle commonly referred to as?

<p>The fruiting stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic do all modern terrestrial fungi share?

<p>They have evolved new structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sexual reproduction typically occur in fungi?

<p>Through the fusion of two mycelia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fungi group is NOT correctly matched with its defining characteristic?

<p>Glomeromycota - Lack spores altogether (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of the fruiting bodies in both Basidiomycota and Ascomycota?

<p>They are all produced under optimal environmental conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the two steps of fungal reproduction?

<p>Formation of reproductive structures and spore dispersal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organism infected by chytridiomycosis?

<p>Amphibians (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chytrids play in their global spread?

<p>Their spores are highly mobile and resistant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species is primarily associated with White Nose Syndrome?

<p>Bats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of fungal infections in skin diseases?

<p>They are usually not life-threatening in healthy individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the impact of fungi on the carbon cycle?

<p>They release carbon back into the atmosphere through decomposition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key benefit that plants receive from their association with mycorrhizal fungi?

<p>Enhanced nutrient absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between ectomycorrhizal fungi and plants?

<p>Plants provide fungi with carbohydrates, while fungi increase water retention for plants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of lichens?

<p>They consist of a symbiotic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant role did mycorrhizal fungi likely play in the early evolution of land plants?

<p>They facilitated the colonization of dry land by plants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what fraction of land plants today live in physical contact with fungi?

<p>Close to three-quarters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mycorrhizal fungi forms structures that penetrate the root cells of plants?

<p>Endomycorrhizal fungi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial ability may have contributed to the success of early land plants associated with mycorrhizal fungi?

<p>Nutrient acquisition ability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In some lichens, what additional component has been discovered to be part of their structure?

<p>Yeast cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals infected with Valley Fever typically show no symptoms?

<p>25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary risk associated with eating the Death Cap Mushroom?

<p>Acute liver failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in treating infections caused by Valley Fever?

<p>Many cases show no symptoms at all (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of trees is the Death Cap Mushroom commonly associated with in California?

<p>Oak trees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the structure of yeast in fungi?

<p>Unicellular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which reproductive phase does karyogamy occur in the fungal life cycle?

<p>After plasmogamy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic that distinguishes Ascomycota from Basidiomycota?

<p>Different methods of sexual reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is a key identifier of the Death Cap Mushroom?

<p>Presence of a volva at the base (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chitin

A long-chain polymer that makes up the cell walls of fungi, providing structural support.

Extracellular Digestion

The process where fungi break down food outside their cells, releasing enzymes that digest it, and then absorb the broken-down nutrients.

Hyphae

Long, thread-like filaments that make up the body of a fungus. They can form complex networks called mycelia.

Mycelia

A network of interwoven hyphae, the main body of a fungus, which helps it spread and absorb nutrients effectively.

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What type of digestion do fungi use?

Fungi use extracellular digestion, where they release enzymes that break down food outside their cells, and then absorb the nutrients.

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Septa

Cross-walls that divide hyphae into individual cells.

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Pore

Gaps within septa that allow nutrients to flow between cells.

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How does the body shape of a fungus change?

The body shape of a fungus constantly changes as it grows and extends its hyphae in search of food, while older areas die back.

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Fungal ancestors

Fungal ancestors were aquatic and had flagellated spores.

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What are synapomorphies?

Synapomorphies are shared derived characteristics that define a group of organisms, indicating their common ancestry.

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What is a fruiting body?

The reproductive structure of a fungus, often visible as mushrooms, toadstools, or mold, producing and releasing spores.

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Basidiomycota spores

Basidiomycota spores are produced on specialized structures called basidia, typically in groups of four.

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Ascomycota spores

Ascomycota spores are produced inside sac-like structures called asci, often in groups of eight.

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What is a mating type?

Fungi don't have distinct genders, instead they have mating types, which are genetic compatibility systems.

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What are the two steps of sexual reproduction in fungi?

Sexual reproduction in fungi involves 1. Plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm) and 2. Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei).

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What is mutualism?

A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit from the interaction.

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What is parasitism?

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other.

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Mycorrhizal fungi

Fungi that live in a symbiotic relationship with plant roots.

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What is the role of mycorrhizal fungi in plant evolution?

They may have been crucial in the early evolution of land plants by helping them absorb nutrients from the soil.

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Ectomycorrhizal fungi

Mycorrhizal fungi that form a sheath around the roots of their host plants.

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Endomycorrhizal fungi

Mycorrhizal fungi that penetrate the cells of their host plants.

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Lichens

A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga, sometimes including a yeast.

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What do lichens provide for the environment?

They contribute to soil formation and provide food for other organisms.

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What does Chytridiomycosis infect?

Chytridiomycosis is a fungal disease that primarily infects amphibians, especially frogs, causing a decline in their populations globally.

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What are the main causes of death in Chytridiomycosis?

Chytridiomycosis causes death in amphibians by disrupting their skin function, leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. The chytrid fungus infects the skin, causing lesions and interfering with gas exchange and water absorption.

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What does White Nose Syndrome infect?

White Nose Syndrome (WNS) is a fungal disease that primarily infects bats, causing them to wake up prematurely from hibernation and ultimately leading to death due to energy depletion.

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What does Cordyceps fungus infect?

Cordyceps fungi are parasitic fungi that infect insects, primarily ants and other arthropods, taking control of their behavior and manipulating them to spread the fungus.

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How do fungi play a crucial role in the Carbon Cycle?

Fungi are decomposers, breaking down dead organic matter (like plants and animals) and releasing carbon back into the environment. This process makes nutrients available for other organisms and prevents the accumulation of dead material.

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Valley Fever

An illness caused by inhaling the spores of the Coccidioides fungus, which is found in the soil of the southwestern United States.

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Coccidioides

A type of fungus that causes Valley Fever, found in arid and semi-arid regions.

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Death Cap Mushroom

A highly poisonous mushroom species, Amanita phalloides, with a distinctive appearance.

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Amanita phalloides

The scientific name for the Death Cap Mushroom.

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Mycorrhizal Fungi (MF)

Fungi that form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, exchanging nutrients and water for sugars.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

A type of mycorrhizal fungi that penetrates plant root cells, forming specialized structures called arbuscules.

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Fungal feeding

Fungi are heterotrophs and obtain nutrients by secreting enzymes that break down organic matter outside their cells.

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Study Notes

Fungi: Introduction

  • Fungi are closely related to animals, evidenced by DNA sequence data, similar chitin synthesis, flagella structure, and glycogen storage.
  • Fungi have two growth forms: single-celled yeasts and multicellular filamentous forms (mycelia).
  • Fungi perform extracellular digestion, secreting enzymes to break down food outside their bodies, and then absorbing the digested compounds.

Fungal Cell Walls & Extracellular Digestion

  • Fungal cell walls are composed of chitin.
  • Most animals cannot digest chitin without bacterial symbionts.
  • Extracellular digestion is when digestion occurs outside the organism.

Hyphae

  • Hyphae are long, narrow filaments that make up a mycelium.
  • Septa are cross-walls that divide hyphae into cells, with pores allowing rapid nutrient flow.
  • Mycelia are composed of hyphae and are the main body of most fungi.

Major Clades of Fungi

  • Groups are defined by unique characteristics.
  • Fungal ancestors were related to animals or both had unique traits.
  • Terrestrial fungi evolved structures like fruiting bodies for spore dispersal.

Fungi and Symbiosis

  • Fungi form mutualistic relationships with other organisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi that associate with plant roots.
  • Mycorrhizal fungi increase nutrient uptake for the plant, and receive carbon compounds in return.
  • Endomycorrhizal fungi are called arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
  • Lichens are a symbiotic association of fungi and photosynthetic partners (algae or cyanobacteria).

Fungi and Reproduction

  • Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually.
  • Fungi reproduce using fruiting bodies that create masses of spores.
  • In sexual reproduction, plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm) and karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) are the two steps leading to the formation of a zygote diploid structure.

Fungi: Body Forms

  • Crustaceous lichens are in contact with the substrate.
  • Foliose lichens are flat and not in contact with the substrate.
  • Fruticose lichens are shrub-like.

Fungal Diseases

  • Chytridiomycosis is a skin disease that infects amphibians.
  • White Nose Syndrome infects bats.
  • Valley Fever is caused by inhaled fungal spores.
  • Death Cap Mushroom is a deadly mushroom from Europe, and has similar characteristics to other edible species but is extremely toxic.

Importance of Fungi

  • Fungi are saprophytes that break down dead organisms, playing a key role in the carbon cycle.
  • Some fungi cause human diseases, like athlete's foot and ringworm.

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BIO 150 Fungi Lecture Outline PDF

Description

Test your knowledge about the fascinating world of fungi with this quiz! Explore topics such as mycelium structure, digestion processes, and key characteristics that distinguish fungi from other organisms. Perfect for biology students and enthusiasts alike.

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