Bio10004 Anatomy and Physiology 2021 Past Paper PDF

Bio10004 – Anatomy and Physiology 2021 The Skeletal system 2 Dr. Greg Davis (Designed by Dr. ALI AL-RUBAIE) Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics  Learning objectives and reading At the end of this lecture you should be...

Bio10004 – Anatomy and Physiology 2021 The Skeletal system 2 Dr. Greg Davis (Designed by Dr. ALI AL-RUBAIE) Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics  Learning objectives and reading At the end of this lecture you should be able to: 1. Know and be able to label the six categories of the axial skeleton and the four categories of the appendicular skeleton, and their general general functions. 2. List the five regions of the vertebral column and the number of vertebrae in each spinal column. 3. Be able to describe the general structure of the thorax, noting the number of ribs, the differences between true and false ribs, and how they attachment to the vertebrae and sternum. 4. Name and be able to identify the bones of the pelvic girdle, and briefly summarise the differences between the male and female pelvis.  The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal axis of the body Has 80 bones – Vertebrae, skull, face, ribs, sternum Functions – Support and protect organs – Attaches to muscles Head and neck Respiration Appendicular skeleton Figure 7–1a Figure 7-1a The Axial Skeleton. SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 APPENDICULAR SKELETON AXIAL SKELETON 80 (see Figure 8-1) 8 Cranium Skull 14 Face Skull and Auditory 29 associated 6 ossicles bones Associated bones 1 Hyoid 1 Sternum Thoracic 25 cage 24 Ribs 24 Vertebrae Vertebral 1 Sacrum 26 column 1 Coccyx a An anterior view of the entire skeleton, with the axial components highlighted. The numbers in the boxes indicate the number of bones in the adult skeleton.  Skull 22 bones in total 8 cranial – House the brain – Protect and surround – Cranial bones house the brain 14 facial bones – Provide shape for the face – ‘front porch’ Some bones are air filled (or have sinuses) – Make lighter structures – Mucus membrane moistens and cleans the air – Resonate for speech production  The Vertebral Column The spine or vertebral column: – protects the spinal cord – supports the head and body – Has 4 spinal curves Cervical - develops after standing/balancing Thoracic - primary accommodates organs Lumbar – develops after standing Sacral – primary accommodates organs The Vertebral Column 26 bones: – 24 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx – 7 cervical vertebrae: neck – 12 thoracic vertebrae: upper back each articulate with one or more pairs of ribs – 5 lumbar vertebrae lower back – Sacrum articulates with 5th lumbar vertebra – Coccyx articulates with the sacrum Figure 7–17  Structure of a Vertebra The articular processes have facets on articular faces. The shape of the vertebrae changes from superior to inferior Figure 7–18a,b  The Vertebrae Intervertebral disks – Are pads of fibrocartilage – Separate the vertebral bodies – Absorb shocks Vertebral canal – Provides location for spinal cord – Encloses the spinal cord Vertebral foraminae – Gaps between adjacent vertebrae – Nerve connections Figure 7–18d,e  The Thoracic Cage The skeleton of the chest: – supports the thoracic cavity Consists of: – thoracic vertebrae – Ribs and costal cartilages – sternum (breastbone) Protects organs Attaches muscles – Respiration – Pectoral girdle – Upper limbs – Vertebral column Figure 7-23a The Thoracic Cage. Jugular notch T1 Clavicular articulation 1 Sternum Manubrium 2 3 Body 4 True ribs (ribs 1–7) Xiphoid process 5 Costal 6 cartilages 10 T11 7 T12 11 Vertebrochondral 12 8 ribs (ribs 8–10) 9 False ribs (ribs 8–12) Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) a An anterior view, showing the costal cartilages and the sternum  The ribs and sternum Functions – Absorbs shocks – Flexible – Mobile – Support breathing Width and depth of thoracic cage Alters volume – Sternum Flat bone Midline of wall Xiphoid process attaches to diaphragm and rectus abdominus  The Appendicular Skeleton Allows us to move and manipulate objects Includes all bones besides axial skeleton: the limbs the supportive girdles Figure 8–1  The Pectoral Girdle Also called the shoulder girdle – Connects the arms to the body – Positions the shoulders – Provides a base for arm movement Consists of: – 2 clavicles – 2 scapulae – Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium Figure 8–2a Pectoral girdle  The Upper Limbs Arms, forearms, wrists, and hands The humerus arm (brachium) = 1 bone the humerus The forearm & wrist Forearm – Also called the antebrachium – Consists of 2 long bones: ulna (medial) radius (lateral) Wrist – 8 carpal bones: – 4 proximal carpal bones – 4 distal carpal bones – allow wrist to bend and twist Figure 8–5  The Pelvic Girdle Made up of 2 hipbones (ossa coxae) Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement Part of the pelvis  Male and Female Pelvis Female pelvis: – smoother – lighter – less prominent muscle/ligament attachments – greater angle of opening  The Lower Limbs Functions: Major bones: – weight bearing Femur (thigh) – motion Patella (kneecap) Tibia and fibula (leg) Tarsals (ankle) Metatarsals (foot) Phalanges (toes)  Femur, tibia & fibula Femur Tibia & fibula – The longest, heaviest bone  Summary Axial skeleton – Supports head and body, protects internal organs – Vertebral column, vertebral structure – Thoracic cage Appendicular skeleton – For movement – Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle – Arms, legs