Bio Unit 2 Test Study PDF

**[The Lytic Cycle:]** 1. 2. 3. 4. **Virus Examples:** - - - **[The Lysogenic Cycle:]** 1. 2. 3. 4. **Virus Examples:** - - **[Requirements for Life]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. **[Archaea]** -Single celled microorganisms. -Biochemically and genetically as different...

**[The Lytic Cycle:]** 1. 2. 3. 4. **Virus Examples:** - - - **[The Lysogenic Cycle:]** 1. 2. 3. 4. **Virus Examples:** - - **[Requirements for Life]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. **[Archaea]** -Single celled microorganisms. -Biochemically and genetically as different from bacteria as they are from organisms in domain eukaryote Biochemically refers to chemicals used in metabolism and that make up the organism (ex: lipids in cell membrane). -Discovered in extreme environments (salty, acidic, hot, etc...) -Not restricted to extreme environments, as they are abundant in oceans, soils, in and on animals **[Prokaryotes]** Energy Metabolism: 1\) Phototrophs- Source of energy is the sun (Photosynthesis evolved in bacteria) 2\) Lithotrophs- Source of energy is inorganic compounds (example: metal ions) 3\) Organotrophs- Source of energy is organic compounds (Organic compounds contain carbon) Carbon Metabolism: 1)Autotrophs - use inorganic carbon (CO2) 2)Heterotrophs - use organic carbon sources Inorganic means from non-living as opposed to organic which means from living or once living **[Reproduction]** Bacteria & Archaea reproduce asexually through binary fission: 1. 2. 3. 4. **[Binary fission]** Bacteria are able to reproduce at a rapid rate due to binary fission. 1. 2. 3. 4. **[Exchange of Genetic Information]** 1. 2. 3. **[Bacterial Classification]** spherical → cocci rod-shaped → bacilli spiral or corkscrew-shaped → spirilla Configuration in chains → add the prefix strepto- to the shape in clumps → add the prefix staphylo- to the shape Gram Stain: Based on amount of peptidoglycan in cell wall - a. b. **[The Cell Membrane]** All life requires a body, which a cell membrane provides. Functions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells also possess internal membranes that encase their organelles. **[Selective Permeability (Semipermeable Membranes)]** - Whether a molecule or ion can enter or exit the cell depends on: 1. 2. 3. **[Phospholipids]** Phosphate Head: Hydrophilic ("water loving") Polar Water-soluble The two fatty acid chain tails: Hydrophobic ("water repelling") Non-polar Water insoluble **[Membrane Proteins]** Proteins are also found in the cell membrane. These proteins carry out many different functions such as: 1. 2. 3. 4. Example: Proteins to transport glucose molecules in or out of the cell **[Endosymbiotic Theory: Evidence]** 1. 2. 3. **Mitochondria: Organelle responsible for producing energy in eukaryotic cells.** **[Cellular Respiration]** The mitochondria in eukaryotes produces ATP via a 4 steps process called cellular respiration. 1. 2. **[Photosynthesis]** Stage 1: Photo Stage -Absorbs photons of light using specific pigments (called chlorophyll) -The light energy is used to generate ATP Stage 2: Synthesis Stage -Uses ATP generated by photo stage to convert carbon dioxide into glucose through Calvin Cycle **[Membranes and Metabolism]** 1. 2. 3. 4. **[Antibiotics]** - - Mechanisms of Antibiotic Action: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Antibiotic Resistance: Initial Genetic mutation may give bacteria resistance to antibiotic, bacteria may also spread resistance through the 3 methods of genetic exchange. 1. 2. 3. **Alexander Fleming Discovered Penicillin.**