Bio Study Guide PDF

# Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration ## How is energy from the sun captured and stored in photosynthesis? * Plants, algae, and some bacteria capture sunlight energy using chlorophyll in their chloroplasts. * This energy is used to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into glucose (C6H...

# Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration ## How is energy from the sun captured and stored in photosynthesis? * Plants, algae, and some bacteria capture sunlight energy using chlorophyll in their chloroplasts. * This energy is used to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into glucose (C6H12O6). * Glucose stores energy as chemical energy. * Oxygen (O2) is released as a byproduct. ## How do cells get the usable energy (ATP) they need for cell functions? * Cells use cellular respiration to break down glucose in the mitochondria. * During this process, glucose is combined with oxygen, releasing energy that is stored in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules. * ATP provides energy for all cell activities. ## Reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration ### Photosynthesis * **Reactants:** CO2, H2O, and sunlight * **Products:** Glucose (C6H12O6) and O2 * **Location:** Chloroplasts (thylakoids and stroma) ### Cellular Respiration * **Reactants:** Glucose (C6H12O6) and O2 * **Products:** CO2, H2O, and ATP * **Location:** Cytoplasm (glycolysis) and mitochondria (Krebs Cycle and ETC) ## What is the function of chlorophyll in a cell? * Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells. * It absorbs sunlight, especially red and blue light, and turns it into energy that drives photosynthesis. * Without chlorophyll, photosynthesis wouldn't happen. ## Chlorophyll * Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants and algae. It converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy. * In **Photosynthesis**, chlorophyll absorbs light energy to transform CO2 and water into **Glucose** and oxygen. * This process converts solar energy to a form that is used by plants, and by the animals that eat them, to form the foundation of food chains. * Plants look green because chlorophyll reflects light most strongly in the **green** portion of the visible spectrum. * Chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the **blue** portion of the visible spectrum, and the **red** portion. ## Chromatography * **Paper Chromatography** can be used to separate different pigments from a mixture. * **Pigments** are dissolved in a fluid. * The fluid is passed through static material (e.g. paper). * Pigments are separated according to size. * A retardation factor (Rf value) is calculated: * Rf = distance of pigment / distance of solvent. ## Cellular Respiration * Equation for cellular respiration: * C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Chemical Energy (in ATP) ## Photosynthesis * Equation for Photosynthesis: * 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2. ## Summary of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration | Process | Location | Reactants | Products | |---|---|---|---| | Photosynthesis | Chloroplasts | CO2, H2O, sunlight | Glucose, O2 | | Cellular Respiration | Mitochondria (Krebs Cycle and ETC) | Glucose, O2 | CO2, H2O, ATP |