Bio Lab Study PDF

DNA Biochemistry to know: Gene Allele Nucleic acid (what are 3 parts and function of nucleic acids) DNA molecule ○ Function ○ Parts ○ Double helix/structure/shape ○ 4 bases (including which pairs with which) ○ How DNA replication works...

DNA Biochemistry to know: Gene Allele Nucleic acid (what are 3 parts and function of nucleic acids) DNA molecule ○ Function ○ Parts ○ Double helix/structure/shape ○ 4 bases (including which pairs with which) ○ How DNA replication works including how DNA repair works RNA molecule ○ Function(s) ○ Types ○ How different than DNA Central dogma of molecular biology/protein synthesis ○ Where do transcription and translation take place ○ What molecules are involved in each step ○ Be able to do transcription and translation of DNA-->RNA and mRNA-->protein Don’t forget that I will provide you with a codon table ○ Mutations Definition Types of point mutations as well as results of each Frameshift ○ Insertions ○ Deletions Substitutions ○ Including silent mutations Meiosis to know: Location in males and females (specific names of gonads) Names of each of the sex cells Why do these cells need to be created? (a.k.a. the point of meiosis) Haploid vs. diploid Sister chromatid vs. homologues (homologous pairs) Crossing over (what is it and when does it occur?) What goes on in first interphase (at our level of detail) Steps of Meiosis I and what happens in each step ○ Prophase I  ○ Metaphase I ○ Anaphase I ○ Telophase I How is interphase between Meiosis I and Meiosis II different than first interphase (before Meiosis I)? Steps of Meiosis II and what happens in each step ○ Prophase II ○ Metaphase II ○ Anaphase II ○ Telophase II How is meiosis in female animals different than “general” meiosis ○ What is a polar body? Sex and Development to Know: Gonads Gametes Male reproductive anatomy structures/functions ○ Can you trace the path of sperm from production through ejaculation? (i.e. put all the parts together, including stating where sperm pick up the other components of seminal fluid from those structures) Components of seminal fluid and where each gets made Parts of sperm cell Female reproductive anatomy structures/functions ○ Can you trace the path of an egg from production to implantation of the zygote AND the path of sperm through female reproductive structures from ejaculation through fertilization? Zygote What happens during the process of fertilization Are copulation and fertilization the same thing? Developmental stages, what happens in each, and when (post-fertilization) does each step take place? ○ Cleavage ○ Formation of blastula/blastocyst ○ Gastrulation Germ layers! ○ Neurulation Notochord ○ Characterization of trimesters of pregnancy:  First trimester (organogenesis; LOTS of development, growth) Second trimester (LOTS of growth, some development) Third trimester (LOTS of growth and DEVELOPMENT of nervous system and lungs ○ Childbirth in three easy steps; what happens in each step and how long does each take (average/range) Mendelian Genetics to Know: Gene Allele (yes, these two again…just to make sure!) Genotype Phenotype Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive Mendel’s First Law/Law of Segregation Mendel’s Second Law/Law of Independent Assortment How to do Punnett squares For normal Mendelian situations, co-dominance*, incomplete dominance*, genetic disorders (including sex-linked*) *use superscripts to make your life easier when doing these! Incomplete Dominance Co-dominance Plietropy Polygeneic traits How the environment influences phenotype Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance Compare/contrast chromosome vs. DNA vs. gene Autosomes vs. Sex chromosomes Karyotype Gene linkage How we make individual variation in genetics Types of human genetic disorders: ○ Recessive ○ Dominant ○ Sex-linked Errors in chromosome shapes  ○ Deletion ○ Insertion ○ Translocation ○ Duplication Errors in chromosome numbers