Bio Lab Condensed Notes PDF

### **Black, galing sa canva/chatgpt notes Red, galing sa post lab discussion** ### **1. Herbivory** **Trophic Levels (check page 2 for image)** - - - - - - -  Energy Flow and Primary productivity - [[https://tinyurl.com/yao8ze8l]](https://tinyurl.com/yao8ze8...

### **Black, galing sa canva/chatgpt notes Red, galing sa post lab discussion** ### **1. Herbivory** **Trophic Levels (check page 2 for image)** - - - - - - -  Energy Flow and Primary productivity - [[https://tinyurl.com/yao8ze8l]](https://tinyurl.com/yao8ze8l) Food Chains and Food Webs - [[https://tinyurl.com/n7v2u6s]](https://tinyurl.com/n7v2u6s) - - - **Energy Flow** **UNIVERSE IS ENERGY, primary source of energy is the sun \[MORE ENERGY ---\>\>\>\> MAS HAPPY\]** - - - **Watch: [[Ecosystem Ecology: Links in the Chain - Crash Course Ecology \#7]](https://youtu.be/v6ubvEJ3KGM)** ### **1. Detritivores** - - - ### **2. Carnivores** - - - - ### **3. Herbivores** - - - - ### **4. Omnivores** - - - ### **5. Scavengers** - - - ### **6. Decomposers** - - - **DIFFERENTIATING SCAVENGERS, DECOMPOSERS, AND DETRITIVORES** - - - ### **Summary of the Different Roles:** - - - Each of these organisms plays an essential role in maintaining the balance and functioning of ecosystems by processing organic matter and recycling nutrients. Other feeding guilds: **Nectarivores**: Feed on nectar. **Xylophages**: Feed on wood. **Coprophages**: Feed on feces. **Mycophages**: Feed on fungi. **Lepidophages**: Feed on scales. **Planktivores**: Feed on plankton. **Molluscivores**: Feed on mollusks. **Cacophagous**: Feed on dead bodies. **Bacteriovores**: Feed on bacteria. **Piscivores**: Feed on fish. **Geophages**: Feed on soil. **Hematophages**: Feed on blood. **Spongivores**: Feed on sponges. **Fungivores**: Feed on fungi. **Saprophages**: Feed on decaying organic matter **Plant Defenses** - - - ### **1. Sclerophylly** - - - - - ### **2. Divaricate** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Calculating Herbivory** - - - - - - - - - - ### **Herbivory Notes** - - - - - - - - - - - - **Generalists** can **adapt** to a wide range of conditions and eat a variety of foods, making them more flexible and resilient to environmental changes. However, they may not be as efficient at exploiting specific resources as specialists. - - **Specialists** are highly **adapted** to specific food sources or environments, allowing them to be more efficient in their niche, but they are vulnerable to changes in those specific conditions. - - ### **Distinguishing Key Terms** - - - - - - - - - ### **Fate and Transformation of Energy in Trophic Levels** - - - ### **Estimating Energy Transfer to Herbivores** - - - **2. Symbiotic Relationships** **Different Types and Examples:** - - - - - - - - **Why Symbiotic Relationships Exist:** - - - Watch: [[SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS]](https://youtu.be/9ZasKG3WdWU) **3. Age Pyramid** - - - - - - **Basic Anatomy of the Pyramid:** - - - - - - - - - - - - -  **Cause-Effect Analysis:** - - - - - - - - Watch: [[Population pyramids: Powerful predictors of the future - Kim Preshoff]](https://youtu.be/RLmKfXwWQtE) ### **Similarities and Differences in Age Pyramids** - - - - ### **Factors Accounting for Differences** - - - OTHER FACTORS - - - - - - ### **Growth Trends and Predictions** - - ### **Social Conditions** - - **4. Phylogenetics and Biodiversity** - - - - - - Watch: [[Discovering the tree of life \| California Academy of Sciences]](https://youtu.be/AjvLQJ6PIiU)   **Anatomy of a Phylogenetic Tree:** - - - - - **Phylogenetic Trees** are more detailed, showing not only the relationships among species but also how much time has passed since they diverged and the degree of genetic divergence. **Cladograms** are simpler, focusing on the order of branching and shared characteristics between species without representing time or genetic distances. **Apomorphy** and **autapomorphy** are both **derived traits**, but **apomorphy** is not necessarily shared by all members of a group, while **autapomorphy** is unique to one taxon. **Symplesiomorphy** and **plesiomorphy** are both **ancestral traits**, but **symplesiomorphy** is shared by multiple groups, whereas **plesiomorphy** is more broadly ancestral. **Synapomorphy** is a **shared derived trait** that is critical for defining evolutionary relationships, while the others may be important for understanding evolutionary history but do not serve to define clades directly. **Types of Groupings:** - - - **Types of Traits:** - - - -  **Basic Principles of Evolution:** - - - - **How Trees Are Constructed:** - - - -