PDF: General Biology Lab Notes

Stage: 1 General Biology Lab: 1&2  Introduction: The science of biology is the study of life in all its aspects. Biology is divided into two sub-science 1. Zoology: deals with animals. 2. Botany: deals with plants.  Some Important...

Stage: 1 General Biology Lab: 1&2  Introduction: The science of biology is the study of life in all its aspects. Biology is divided into two sub-science 1. Zoology: deals with animals. 2. Botany: deals with plants.  Some Important Sciences In Biology 1. Morphology: is the study of external form. 2. Anatomy: is the study of internal structure. 3. Physiology: is the study of function. 4. Embryology: is the study of development. 5. Taxonomy: is the study of classification. 6. Ecology: is the study of the relationship between organism and their habitats. 7. Genetics and Evolution.  The General Characteristics Of Living Organisms: - Protoplasm: All living organism are composed of this substance, which has been termed (living matter). Protoplasm is a complex system in which there is a constant interchange of materials between the different components..‫خليل‬Teacher ‫ م ياسمني جعفر‬.‫م‬ Humam & Malak 1 Stage: 1 General Biology Lab: 1&2 - Growth: as a result of nutrition more substances are produced by the organism under normal condition that are used up in respiration. In this way a definite increase in the amount of protoplasm occurs ,with the result that organism grows. - Respiration : is a chemical reaction that happens within cells to release energy from food. - Sensitivity : The ability to detect changes in the surrounding environment. - Reproduction : The ability to reproduce and pass genetic information onto their offspring. - Excretion : Getting rid of waste. - Reproduction: The power of reproduction is common in all living organisms. It consist in the formation of new individuals similar to these of previous generation. - Nutrition : The intake and use of nutrients. This occurs in very different ways in different kinds of living things. - Evolution : Living organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment through the process of evolution. During evolution, changes occur in populations, and the organisms in the population become better able to metabolize, respond, and reproduce. They develop abilities to cope with their environment that their ancestors did not have. Teacher Humam & Malak 2 Stage: 1 General Biology Lab: 1&2 - Irritability and Movement: All living organism exhibit irritability, that is, they respond to external stimuli. This response generally takes the form of movement. In animals, movement is highly developed, for it is necessary as a mean of obtaining food. - Metabolism: A living organism can be distinguished from a non-living things by its ability to show spontaneous activity, to do work. In the process of metabolism the energy obtained by the living organism. The source of energy in a living organism is that contained in some of the chemical compounds, such as carbohydrates and proteins. The molecules of these compounds contain energy, which can be released by a series of exothermic reaction, called “respiration”. - Anabolism : is one of the processes in metabolism. It is a constructive process. It is defined as simple molecules that combine to form complex molecules or the generation of complex molecule from simple molecules. It usually requires energy. - Catabolism : It is a destructive process in which break down of complex molecules and formation of simple molecules takes place. This process Teacher Humam & Malak 3 Stage: 1 General Biology Lab: 1&2 proceeds with release of energy. The released energy acts as a driving force for the catabolic reaction. These reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. - Adaptation : any alteration in the structure or function of an organism or any of its parts that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and multiply in its environment. - Stimulus (plural stimuli) : is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. - Homeostasis : is the ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environmental changes. It is a unifying principle of biology. The nervous and endocrine systems control homeostasis in the body through feedback mechanisms involving various organs and organ systems. ‫م ياسمني جعفر خليل‬.‫م‬ Teacher Humam & Malak 4