Final Exam Prep Bio 10
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

  • Genetic information storage
  • Support and structure
  • Energy storage (correct)
  • Insulation

    • Eukaryotic cells lack a nucleus.

    False (B)

    What are the monomers of proteins called?

    Amino acids

    In DNA, adenine pairs with ______.

    <p>thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell organelles with their functions:

    <p>Nucleus = DNA storage Mitochondria = Energy production Chloroplasts = Photosynthesis Ribosomes = Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following environments causes a cell to swell?

    <p>Hypotonic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facilitated diffusion requires energy to transport substances across a membrane.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process follows DNA transcription in the central dogma of biology?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water consists of two hydrogen atoms and one ______ atom.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feedback mechanism amplifies changes in the body?

    <p>Positive feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication?

    <p>S (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis refers to the division of the nucleus during cell division.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four phases of mitosis?

    <p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA coils around proteins called _____ to form chromosomes.

    <p>histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following key terms with their definitions:

    <p>Haploid = Cells with a single set of chromosomes Diploid = Cells with two sets of chromosomes Dominant = Trait that is expressed when present Recessive = Trait that is masked in presence of dominant trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of meiosis?

    <p>Produces haploid gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Errors during mitosis cannot lead to mutations.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the use of Punnett Squares in genetics?

    <p>To predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is _____ for that trait.

    <p>homozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is important in creating genetic variation in offspring?

    <p>Crossing over during meiosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of lipids in living organisms?

    <p>Energy storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells do not contain organelles.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of proteins?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water has a high ______ capacity, allowing it to absorb significant heat.

    <p>heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following SI prefixes with their respective values:

    <p>kilo- = 1,000 centi- = 0.01 milli- = 0.001 mega- = 1,000,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process requires energy to transport substances across a cell membrane?

    <p>Active transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypotonic environments cause cells to shrink.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do nucleotides build?

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The semi-conservative nature of DNA replication means each new strand consists of one ______ and one new strand.

    <p>old strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is true?

    <p>They provide energy as monosaccharides. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between RNA and DNA?

    <p>RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T), while DNA uses thymine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcription involves the conversion of RNA to protein.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the phases of the cell cycle?

    <p>G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During __________, DNA is replicated.

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following genetic terms with their definitions:

    <p>Homozygous = Having two identical alleles for a trait Diploid = Cells with two sets of chromosomes Alleles = Different forms of a gene Genotype = The genetic constitution of an individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes mitosis?

    <p>Results in two identical daughter cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chromosomes made of?

    <p>DNA and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is the process where the cytoplasm divides.

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Punnett squares play in genetics?

    <p>They predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unit 1: Biological Molecules

    • SI Prefixes: Learn to convert between SI prefixes like kilo-, centi-, milli-. For example, 1 kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
    • Magnification and Resolution: Magnification is the enlargement of an image (image size / actual size). Resolution refers to the clarity of detail in the image.
    • Monomers and Polymers: Monomers are single units (e.g., glucose). Polymers are chains of monomers (e.g., starch).
    • Biological Molecules (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids): Understand elements, monomers, functions, and examples for each.
      • Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, primary energy source.
      • Lipids: Fatty acids, insulation and energy storage.
      • Proteins: Amino acids, enzymes and structural functions.
      • Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides, carry genetic information.
    • Water Properties: Water's structure (H₂O) influences its properties such as high heat capacity, solvent ability, cohesion, and adhesion.

    Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function

    • Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles (plants, animals). Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus (bacteria).
    • Cell Organelles: Know the functions of cell organelles (e.g., nucleus for DNA storage, mitochondria for energy production). Understand differences between plant and animal cells (e.g., chloroplasts in plants).
    • Cell Transport:
      • Diffusion: Passive movement of molecules.
      • Osmosis: Passive water movement across a membrane.
      • Facilitated Diffusion: Uses protein channels.
      • Active Transport: Requires energy to move molecules.
    • Hypotonic, Hypertonic, and Isotonic Environments:
      • Hypotonic: Water enters the cell, causing swelling.
      • Hypertonic: Water leaves the cell, causing shrinking.
      • Isotonic: Water moves equally in and out, maintaining cell size.
    • Homeostasis: Maintaining stable internal conditions (e.g., temperature, glucose levels) via negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

    Unit 3: Molecular Biology

    • DNA Replication: Helicase unwinds DNA, polymerase adds complementary bases, and ligase joins fragments. DNA replication is semi-conservative, each new strand has one old and one new strand. Complementary base pairs are A-T and C-G.
    • DNA vs. RNA: Distinguish between DNA (double-stranded, deoxyribose, A-T/C-G) and RNA (single-stranded, ribose, A-U/C-G).
    • Central Dogma: The flow of genetic information: Replication (DNA → DNA), Transcription (DNA → RNA), Translation (RNA → Protein).
    • Chromosomes, Genes, DNA, and Proteins: Chromosomes are DNA structures carrying genes, genes code for proteins, and proteins are functional molecules.

    Unit 4: Cell Division and Genetics

    • Cell Cycle and Mitosis: Stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, mitosis — prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division).
    • Chromosome Structure: DNA is organized around histones to form chromosomes.
    • Mutations: Mitosis errors can lead to mutations, potentially causing cancer.
    • Genetics: Key genetic terms and concepts (chromosome, haploid, diploid, homologous chromosomes, gene, alleles, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype).
    • Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Mitosis produces identical cells. Meiosis produces haploid gametes (variation via crossing over).
    • Punnett Squares: Used to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes based on known parental traits.

    Skills

    • Diagrams: Analyze diagrams using appropriate academic language.
    • Graphs: Interpret and graph data with labeled axes.
    • Analysis: Support claims with evidence and reasoning.

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