BIO Exam PDF
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This document likely contains notes on biological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and the details of enzymes, including what they are, how they work, and how they are affected. The document is focused on relevant biological concepts.
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1. Enzymes What are they? Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body. How they work: o Substrates (reactants) fit into an enzyme’s active site like a "lock and key." o They lower the energy needed for a reaction. What affects them? o Temperature:...
1. Enzymes What are they? Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body. How they work: o Substrates (reactants) fit into an enzyme’s active site like a "lock and key." o They lower the energy needed for a reaction. What affects them? o Temperature: Too hot = enzyme stops working (denatured). o pH: Too acidic or too basic can damage enzymes. o Substrate concentration: More substrate = faster reaction (to a point). 2. Photosynthesis What is it? The process plants use to make food (glucose) using sunlight. Equation: o Carbon dioxide + Water + Light → Glucose + Oxygen o (6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂) Steps: o Light-dependent stage (in leaves): Sunlight splits water → Makes energy (ATP) and oxygen. o Calvin Cycle: Uses energy to turn carbon dioxide into glucose. Why is it important? o Gives oxygen to breathe. o Produces food for plants and other organisms. 3. Respiration What is it? The process of breaking down glucose to make energy (ATP). Types: o Aerobic respiration (needs oxygen): ▪ Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy o Anaerobic respiration (no oxygen): ▪ In animals: Glucose → Lactic Acid + Energy ▪ In yeast: Glucose → Alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy Why is it important? o Provides energy for everything the body does (e.g., moving, growing).
