BIO202 Midterm Study Guide SpringB 2024 PDF

BIO202 Midterm Study Guide Circulatory System, Cardiovascular System, Lymphatic/Immune System (Module 1, 2, and 3) Module 1 Blood Chapter 18 1. List the functions of blood. 2. What are the two main components of whole blood? 3. List the components of plasma. 4. Name the importan...

BIO202 Midterm Study Guide Circulatory System, Cardiovascular System, Lymphatic/Immune System (Module 1, 2, and 3) Module 1 Blood Chapter 18 1. List the functions of blood. 2. What are the two main components of whole blood? 3. List the components of plasma. 4. Name the important plasma proteins and their functions. 5. What is the difference between serum and plasma? 6. Name the formed elements of the blood. 7. Describe the erythrocyte: a. Morphology and how it relates to their function b. Function c. Hemoglobin i. Structure ii. Function d. Life span e. What happens to the components of a degraded/broken down RBC’s and hemoglobin? 8. What is the difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood? 9. Define Anemia and Polycythemia. 10. Define Erythropoiesis and the importance of the hormone Erythropoietin (EPO). 11. Name the test that measures the percentage of RBCs in a blood sample. 12. Describe the Leukocyte: a. Function of each of the 5 types of Leukocytes b. Classification of Lymphocytes and their functions 13. What do monocytes differentiate into, after they enter tissues? 14. What does the test CBC and CBC diff stand for? Why is it ordered by the healthcare provider? 15. Describe the platelets/thrombocytes: a. Morphology b. What is the precursor cell of platelets? c. Function of platelets d. Function of Thrombopoietin 16. Define Hematopoiesis a. Location b. Define Hematopoietic stem cells c. Which cells are produced at the end of hematopoiesis? 17. Define Hemostasis a. Identify and describe the 3 important steps of hemostasis i. Vascular Spasm ii. Platelet Plug iii. Coagulation/clot formation 18. Define Hemorrhage. 19. Define Fibrinolysis. 1  20. Blood Group Classification a. ABO i. Where is the antigen for ABO classification found? ii. Where is the antibody for ABO classification found? b. Rh i. Where is the antigen for Rh classification found? 21. ABO Classification: Blood Group Antigen on RBC Antibody in Plasma A B AB O 22. Which blood type is the universal donor and why? 23. Which blood type is the universal recipient and why? 24. What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) or erythroblastosis fetalis? 25. How can this disease be easily treated? 26. Define Agglutination. Module 1 Blood Vessels and Circulation Chapter 20 1. Name the 3 types of blood vessels and their function(s). 2. What do the blue and red colors represent as seen on blood vessel images/models? 3. Know the unidirectional blood flow in the blood vessels: arteries---- arterioles-----capillaries---- venules-----vein 4. Compare and contrast arteries and veins in terms of: a. Direction of blood flow b. Pressure c. The 3 Tunics that make up their walls d. Valves 5. Which blood vessels are microscopic? 6. What is the difference between vasoconstriction and vasodilation? 7. What is the importance of arterioles? 8. Define perfusion and why is it an important process in capillaries? 9. Define Blood pressure and name the instrument used for measuring it. 10. Which is the most commonly used blood vessel for blood pressure measurement? 11. What is the top number for blood pressure called? 12. What is the bottom number for blood pressure called? 13. What is the normal blood pressure measurement? (don’t forget the units) 14. Define pulse. 15. Know the common areas in the body where pulse is palpated. 2 16. How do these variables affect Blood pressure and blood flow? a. Cardiac output b. Volume of blood c. Viscosity of blood d. Arteriole diameter 17. All arteries carry oxygenated blood except... 18. All veins carry deoxygenated blood except... 19. What is the start and end blood vessels for the following circuit a. Pulmonary b. Systemic 20. You should be able to identify the following arteries on a diagram or model (if available): a. Right and left coronary b. Brachiocephalic trunk c. Right and Left Common Carotid d. External and Internal Carotid e. Right and Left Subclavian f. Ascending, Arch, Descending, and Abdominal Aorta g. Brachial h. Radial 3  i. Celiac trunk j. Renal k. Superior and inferior mesenteric l. Common Iliac m. External and Internal Iliac n. Femoral o. Popliteal p. Anterior and posterior tibial q. Dorsalis pedis 21. You should be able to identify the following veins on a diagram of model (if available): a. Right and left subclavian vein b. External and Internal Jugular vein c. Brachiocephalic d. Superior and Inferior vena cava e. Axillary vein f. Cephalic vein g. Basilic vein h. Median cubital vein i. Hepatic j. Renal k. Hepatic portal l. Common iliac m. Internal and external iliac n. Femoral vein o. Great saphenous 22. What is the importance of hepatic portal circulation? 23. Which blood vessel is most used by a phlebotomist to draw blood? Module 2 Cardiovascular System Chapter 19 24. List the functions of the CVS. 25. How does it work together with the respiratory system? 26. Anatomy of the heart; be able to identify these structures on a model or diagram and list the functions: a. List the layers associated with the heart from superficial to deep b. atrioventricular valves of the heart c. chordae tendineae and papillary muscles d. semilunar valves of the heart e. The 4 heart chambers f. Function of LEFT vs. RIGHT side of heart 1. Type of blood it contains 2. Where it pumps blood to g. Define Coronary circulation i. Location and function of L and R coronary arteries ii. Location and function of the coronary sinus 4 27. In which chamber of the heart is the myocardium the thickest and why? 28. What divides the heart into right and left? What is it called between the atria and what is it called between the ventricles? 29. Blood Flow through the heart: Explain blood flow through the heart, naming all vessels, chambers, and valves. 30. Define cardiac cycle and explain the terms that follow: a. Length of 1 cardiac cycle b. Normal Sinus Rhythm c. Average beats per minute (BPM) d. Systole e. Diastole f. Preload and After load 31. Define the following properties of the myocardium (cardiomyocytes) a. Auto-rhythmicity b. Contractility c. Conductivity 32. What is the importance of Intercalated disc in cardiomyocytes? 33. What is the function of the cardiac conduction system? 34. Know the order of the cardiac conduction system. 35. What is the natural pacemaker of the heart? 36. What is the tracing of the electrical impulses of the heart called? 37. Name the major waves on an EKG tracing. 38. What causes the 2 audible Heart Sounds? 39. Define a. Stroke volume b. Cardiac Output 40. Know the diseases/abnormalities of the CVS: a. Myocardial infarction b. Pericarditis c. Bradycardia d. Tachycardia e. Atherosclerosis f. Hypertension g. Hypotension h. Heart murmur i. Thrombosis j. Pulmonary embolism k. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) l. Valvular Stenosis m. Hypoxia n. Ischemia o. Fibrillation 5 Module 3 Lymphatic System Chapter 21 41. List the functions of the lymphatic system. 42. Know the flow of fluid starting with plasma in capillaries, how it becomes lymph and how it is returned back to the blood. 43. Where does the lymph drain eventually in the circulatory system? 44. Right Lymphatic duct receives Lymph from which part of the body? 45. Thoracic duct receives Lymph from which part of the body? 46. Know the anatomy and physiology of the organs of the lymphatic system a. Lymphatic vessels: lacteals b. Bone marrow c. Thymus: T cell immunocompetency d. Spleen e. Lymph nodes i. Cervical, axillary, inguinal, intestinal ii. B and T lymphocytes f. Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT) i. Tonsils ii. Peyer’s patches iii. Appendix 47. Define innate (non-specific) immunity. 48. Define adaptive (specific) immunity. 49. How does each of the following Barrier Defenses help in innate immunity? a. Skin b. Digestive System c. Lacrimal Gland d. Salivary Gland 50. Name the 2 important phagocytes that play a key role in innate immunity. 51. State the functions of lysozyme and interferons in innate immunity. 52. Why is inflammation an important part of innate immunity? 53. What causes fever and what is its importance? 54. Define Antigen. 55. What is the difference between humoral and cellular immunity? 56. What is the function of the following types of T cells a. Helper b. Cytotoxic c. Regulatory d. Memory 57. Know what helps the T cells recognize the antigen a. Antigen presenting cells (APC) 58. What type of cells produce antibodies? 59. What are antibodies, what are alternative names for them, types and functions? i. IgM ii. IgG iii. IgE 6  iv. IgA 60. What is the difference between primary and secondary immune responses? 61. Why are memory cells so important in adaptive immunity? 62. Know the definition of: a. Artificially active immunity b. Naturally active immunity c. Artificially passive immunity d. Naturally passive immunity 63. Diseases of the lymphatic system: a. Autoimmune disorders b. Lymphoma c. Lymphangitis d. Lymphedema 7