Blood Module 1 Chapter 18 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the importance of hepatic portal circulation?

Hepatic portal circulation is crucial for detoxifying substances and metabolizing nutrients by transporting blood from the digestive organs to the liver.

Which blood vessel is most used by a phlebotomist to draw blood?

The median cubital vein is most commonly used by phlebotomists to draw blood.

What divides the heart into right and left, and what are the structures called between the atria and ventricles?

The septum divides the heart into right and left sides, with the interatrial septum between the atria and the interventricular septum between the ventricles.

Explain the function of the cardiac conduction system.

<p>The cardiac conduction system generates and conducts electrical impulses, coordinating the heart's contraction and ensuring efficient pumping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of coronary circulation?

<p>Coronary circulation provides blood supply to the heart muscle itself, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of blood in the circulatory system?

<p>The primary functions of blood include transportation of oxygen and nutrients, regulation of body temperature, and protection against pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the cardiac cycle and the phases it includes.

<p>The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events in one heartbeat, comprising systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) phases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes serum from plasma in terms of composition?

<p>Serum is the liquid portion of blood that remains after clotting has occurred and lacks clotting factors, whereas plasma contains clotting factors and other proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the natural pacemaker of the heart?

<p>The sinoatrial (SA) node is the natural pacemaker of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the importance of erythropoietin (EPO) in erythropoiesis.

<p>Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow, especially in response to low oxygen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are intercalated discs and why are they important in cardiomyocytes?

<p>Intercalated discs are specialized connections between cardiac muscle cells that enable coordinated contraction through rapid transmission of electrical signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the morphology of erythrocytes is related to their function.

<p>Erythrocytes have a biconcave disc shape that increases surface area for oxygen absorption and allows flexibility to traverse narrow capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis?

<p>During the vascular spasm phase, blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow and minimize blood loss following an injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample.

<p>The test that measures the percentage of red blood cells is called a Hematocrit test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three important steps of hemostasis?

<p>The three important steps of hemostasis are vascular spasm, formation of a platelet plug, and coagulation/clot formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered the universal donor, and why?

<p>Blood type O is the universal donor because it has no A or B antigens on its red blood cells, minimizing the risk of adverse reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the two audible heart sounds during a heartbeat?

<p>The two audible heart sounds, 'lub' and 'dub', are caused by the closure of the heart valves: 'lub' from the closing of the atrioventricular valves and 'dub' from the closing of the semilunar valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define stroke volume and cardiac output.

<p>Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat, while cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two diseases of the cardiovascular system and briefly describe them.

<p>Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, while aortic stenosis is the narrowing of the aortic valve, impeding blood flow from the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of the lymphatic system?

<p>The primary functions of the lymphatic system include the drainage of excess interstitial fluid, the transportation of dietary lipids, and the facilitation of immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does plasma in capillaries become lymph?

<p>Plasma in capillaries filters out through the capillary walls due to hydrostatic pressure, and the excess fluid, along with proteins and waste products, becomes lymph as it enters lymphatic capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define innate (non-specific) immunity and provide an example.

<p>Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens that provide non-specific responses; an example is the physical barrier of the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes humoral immunity from cellular immunity?

<p>Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies by B cells to target extracellular pathogens, while cellular immunity involves T cells that directly kill infected host cells or help other immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do helper T cells play in the immune response?

<p>Helper T cells assist other immune cells by releasing cytokines that stimulate the immune response, including activating B cells and cytotoxic T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) and how can it be treated?

<p>HDN, or erythroblastosis fetalis, is a condition where the mother's immune system attacks the red blood cells of the fetus. It can be treated with intrauterine blood transfusions or phototherapy after birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define agglutination in the context of blood.

<p>Agglutination is the clumping of red blood cells that occurs when antibodies bind to specific antigens on the cell surface. This process is critical in blood typing and immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of blood vessels, and what are their primary functions?

<p>The three types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart, and capillaries facilitate the exchange of gases and nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

<p>Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure, while vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure. Both processes are critical in regulating blood flow and pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is perfusion and why is it important in capillaries?

<p>Perfusion is the process of delivering blood to capillary beds, ensuring that oxygen and nutrients reach tissues. It is vital for cellular metabolism and overall tissue health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define blood pressure and identify the instrument used to measure it.

<p>Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, measured using a sphygmomanometer. It is expressed in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the blue and red colors represent in blood vessel images?

<p>In blood vessel images, blue represents deoxygenated blood returning to the heart via veins, while red depicts oxygenated blood being transported to the body through arteries. This color-coding helps in visualizing blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal blood pressure measurement in adults?

<p>The normal blood pressure measurement for adults is approximately $120/80$ mmHg. These values represent systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Stroke Volume?

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat.

What is Cardiac Output?

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

What is Myocardial Infarction?

A condition where the heart muscle is damaged due to a lack of blood flow, often caused by a blockage in a coronary artery.

What is Pericarditis?

Inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart.

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What is Bradycardia?

A slow heart rate, typically below 60 beats per minute.

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What is Tachycardia?

A fast heart rate, typically above 100 beats per minute.

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What is Atherosclerosis?

A buildup of plaque inside the arteries, narrowing them and obstructing blood flow.

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What is Hypertension?

High blood pressure, typically above 140/90 mmHg.

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Perfusion

The ability of blood to flow through the circulatory system and reach all tissues. It is a critical process in capillaries as it allows for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.

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Capillaries

The smallest of the blood vessels. Capillaries are microscopic and responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and body tissues.

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Blood Pressure

The force exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels, especially arteries.

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Systolic Blood Pressure

The top number in a blood pressure measurement. Represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts (systole).

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Diastolic Blood Pressure

The bottom number in blood pressure measurement. Represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes (diastole).

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Pulse

The rhythmic throbbing of arteries, caused by the ejection of blood from the heart during systole.

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Cardiac Output

A measurement of the force of the heart's contraction. It is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute.

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Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels, usually caused by the contraction of smooth muscles in the vessel walls. This reduces blood flow.

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Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation, occurring mainly in the red bone marrow.

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Hemostasis

The process of stopping bleeding, involving three main steps: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

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Fibrinolysis

The breakdown of a blood clot, restoring the blood to its normal liquid state.

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Anemia

A condition characterized by an abnormally low number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) or deficient hemoglobin in the blood.

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Polycythemia

A condition characterized by an abnormally high number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood.

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Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone produced primarily by the kidneys that stimulates erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells.

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Erythropoiesis

The process of red blood cell formation, occurring mainly in the red bone marrow.

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Hemoglobin

The main oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, composed of four protein chains (globins) and four heme groups, each containing an iron atom.

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Hepatic portal circulation

The hepatic portal circulation is a unique system that collects blood from the digestive organs (stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen) and delivers it to the liver before it enters the systemic circulation. This allows the liver to filter and process nutrients, toxins, and drugs absorbed from the gut.

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Which vein do phlebotomists use for blood draws?

The median cubital vein is a superficial vein found in the elbow region. It is commonly used for venipuncture (blood draw), as it is relatively easy to access and has a larger diameter.

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What are the functions of the CVS?

The cardiovascular system (CVS) is responsible for transporting blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and removing waste products like carbon dioxide. It also plays a key role in maintaining body temperature, immune function, and hormone transport.

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How does the CVS work with the respiratory system?

The cardiovascular system works closely with the respiratory system to ensure oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal. The lungs take in oxygen, which is then transported via the blood to the tissues by the heart. The heart pumps the blood back to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is released and exhaled. This continuous cycle ensures a constant supply of oxygen and removal of waste.

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Why is the myocardium the thickest in the left ventricle?

The myocardium is the thickest in the left ventricle because it is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood out to the entire body. This requires a stronger muscular wall to generate enough pressure to overcome vascular resistance.

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List the heart layers from superficial to deep

  1. Pericardium (outermost): A tough, protective sac that surrounds the heart.
  2. Myocardium (middle): The muscular layer responsible for contraction.
  3. Endocardium (innermost): A thin lining that covers the inner chambers and valves.
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Name the heart valves and their locations.

The atrioventricular (AV) valves are between the atria and ventricles:

  1. Tricuspid valve: Between right atrium and ventricle
  2. Mitral valve: Between left atrium and ventricle The semilunar (SL) valves are between the ventricles and the great arteries:
  3. Pulmonary valve: Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
  4. Aortic valve: Between left ventricle and aorta.
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What is the function of the cardiac conduction system?

The cardiac conduction system is a specialized network of cells in the heart that initiates and conducts electrical impulses, ensuring coordinated contraction of the heart chambers. It automates the heart's rhythmic beating, ensuring efficient blood flow.

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Study Notes

Module 1 Blood Chapter 18

  • Blood Functions: List the functions of blood.
  • Whole Blood Components: Identify the two main components of whole blood.
  • Plasma Components: List the components of plasma.
  • Plasma Proteins: Name important plasma proteins and their functions.
  • Serum vs. Plasma: Differentiate between serum and plasma.
  • Formed Elements: Name the formed elements of the blood.
  • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Describe erythrocyte morphology and how it relates to function, describe function, structure of hemoglobin its function, and their life span, including breakdown products of RBCs and hemoglobin.
  • Oxygenated vs. Deoxygenated Blood: Explain the difference.
  • Anemia and Polycythemia: Define anemia and polycythemia.
  • Erythropoiesis: Define erythropoiesis and the importance of erythropoietin (EPO).
  • RBC Percentage Test: Name the test to measure the percentage of RBCs.
  • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): Describe the function of each of the 5 types of leukocytes, classify lymphocytes and their functions and what monocytes differentiate into.
  • CBC and CBC Diff: Explain what the tests stand for, identify the importance of their order by a healthcare provider..
  • Platelets (Thrombocytes): Describe platelet morphology, precursor cells, functions, and the function of thrombopoietin.
  • Hematopoiesis: Define hematopoiesis, location, and hematopoietic stem cells.
  • Hematopoiesis End Product: Identify the cells produced at the end of hematopoiesis.
  • Hemostasis: Define hemostasis and identify and describe the 3 steps (vascular spasm, platelet plug, and coagulation/clot formation).
  • Hemorrhage: Define hemorrhage.
  • Fibrinolysis: Define fibrinolysis.

Module 1 Blood Vessels and Circulation Chapter 20

  • Blood Vessel Types: Name the 3 types of blood vessels and their functions.
  • Blood Vessel Color Representation: Explain the significance of blue and red colors on vessel images.
  • Blood Flow Direction: Understand the unidirectional flow in blood vessels.
  • Arteries vs. Veins Comparison: Compare and contrast arteries and veins regarding direction of flow, pressure, and tunics that make up their walls.
  • Microscopic Blood Vessels: Identify microscopic blood vessels.
  • Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation: Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
  • Arteriole Significance: Explain the significance of arterioles.
  • Perfusion: Define perfusion and its role in capillaries.
  • Blood Pressure Definition: Define blood pressure and the instrument used for measurement.
  • Preferred Blood Vessel for Pressure Measurement: Identify the most commonly used blood vessel.
  • Blood Pressure Terminology: Explain the terms "top number" and "bottom number".
  • Normal Blood Pressure: State the normal blood pressure measurement (including units).
  • Pulse Definition: Define pulse.
  • Pulse Palpation Locations: Identify common areas to palpate a pulse.

Module 2 Cardiovascular System Chapter 19

  • CVS Functions: List the functions of the cardiovascular system.
  • CVS and Respiratory System Interaction: Explain the interaction of the CVS and respiratory system.
  • Heart Anatomy: Describe the layers of the heart, atrioventricular valves, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, semilunar valves, and the four chambers.
  • Heart Function: Describe the function of the left and right sides of the heart (blood types and destinations).
  • Coronary Circulation: Define coronary circulation, including the location and function of the coronary arteries and coronary sinus.

Module 3 Lymphatic System Chapter 21

  • Lymphatic System Functions: List the functions of the lymphatic system.
  • Lymph Flow: Describe the flow of lymph from capillaries, how it transforms into lymph, and its return to the blood.
  • Lymphatic Drainage Location: State where lymph eventually drains into the circulatory system.
  • Lymph Duct Anatomy: Describe the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct, identifying the areas they drain.
  • Lymphatic Organ Physiology and Anatomy: Describe the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic organs (lymphatic vessels, bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)).
  • Innate Immunity: Define innate immunity, list barrier defenses, and describe the role of phagocytes (e.g., lysozyme, interferons).
  • Adaptive Immunity: Define adaptive immunity.
  • Immune Response Types: Describe humoral and cellular immunity, antigen definition, T-cell types, and their functions.
  • Antibody Function: Describe antibody function.
  • Immune Response Types: Describe primary and secondary immune responses, and the importance of memory cells.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the functions and components of blood. This quiz covers erythrocytes, leukocytes, plasma, and the differences between serum and plasma. Additionally, you'll explore conditions like anemia and the importance of erythropoiesis.

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