bio 2 exam questions.docx

Why are bacteria usually small? What is horizontal transfer? What is transduction? Transformation? Conjugation? Why are these important to prokaryotes? What are the three domains of life? Which domains are prokaryotic and what does that mean? What is an extremophile? What are some examples? What are...

Why are bacteria usually small? What is horizontal transfer? What is transduction? Transformation? Conjugation? Why are these important to prokaryotes? What are the three domains of life? Which domains are prokaryotic and what does that mean? What is an extremophile? What are some examples? What are the cyanobacteria? What is their primary claim to fame? The cyanobacteria were involved in a horizontal transfer event. What was it? Describe the events leading up to the evolution of the first eukaryotes. What is a microbial mat? How are they organized? Describe the major modes of nutrition among bacteria and archaea (photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, etc..). Why do some scientists look on the tree of life as more of a bush? What kind of organisms fuel the carbon cycle around hydrothermal vents? What is a microbiome? Why is it important? Does it vary between individuals? What are the defining features of eukaryotic cells? Why are eukaryotic cells usually larger than prokaryotes? What promotes genetic diversity in eukaryotes? Where did chloroplasts come from? What is the evidence? Where did mitochondria come from? What is the evidence? Are protists a monophyletic taxon? Explain your answer. Know the main eukaryotic “supergroups”. Which one includes the plants? The animals? What are the Archaeplastida? What is a primary plastid? A secondary plastid? How can you tell the difference? What is the primary characteristic of the Stramenophila? What is the primary characteristic of the Amoebozoa? What is the primary characteristic of the Opisthokonta? Which two multicellular kingdoms are contained in the Opisthokonta? Why are choanoflagellates considered the sister taxon of the animals? What does the abbreviation HIV stand for? AIDS?. What kind of virus is HIV? What kind of genome does it have? What cells does HIV target? How does it target these specific cells? Why does drug therapy with a single drug usually fail with HIV? What are helper T cells? What role do they play in the immune system? What is CD4? What is CCR5? What is D32? Why does the immune system fail after HIV infection? Why are some people resistant to HIV infection? How is HIV transmitted? Where did HIV apparently originate(geographically)?From what species did HIV probably transfer to humans? What is reverse transcriptase? Why is the RT of HIV so "sloppy"? Where did SARS-CoV2 most likely come from? What is the surface target protein for SARS-CoV2? Are there any other host surface protein interactions? If so, what are they and how do they work? What subcellular structures are invaded by SARS-CoV2? What are the dynamics of SARS-CoV2 strain evolution? Why does one strain replace another? What kinds of vaccines have been developed against SARS-CoV2? What methods are used to control and prevent SARS-CoV2 infection? What animals are the closest living relatives of humans? How do we know this? 2. What are the synapomorphies of the primates? Understand the basic fossil record of humans. When did upright walking evolve? How do we know? What is a hominoid? A hominin? A hominid? When did hominins acquire a large brain? What is the multiregional hypothesis? What is the Out of Africa (=African replacement) hypothesis? Which is most strongly supported by the data? 7. Why is morning (pregnancy) sickness in humans probably under natural selection? Where is the geographic origin for the species Homo sapiens When did humans populate the Americas? Did humans hybridize with any other hominin? What is the evidence? What important archaeological site documenting early N. American humans is close to Pittsburgh? What is the molecular basis of lactase persistence in human adults? Why is adaptive? How many times did this phenotype arise? Define the term population. What are size, range and density? How can populations be distributed in space? What is the age structure of a population? What factors affect age structure? What are survivorship curves? Be able to distinguish between type I, type II, and type III survivorship curves. What is life history? What factors affect the life history of an organism? How does resource allocation affect life history? What is a life table and what does it measure? What are the four basic factors that affect the size of a population? What is exponential population growth? What is the general equation that describes this kind of growth? What are the parameters? What is logistic population growth? What is the general equation that describes this kind of growth? What are the parameters? What is the per capita growth rate (=r)? What are the components that determine r? What is carrying capacity? Describe several density-dependent factors affecting population growth. Describe density- independent factors. What is an r-selected species? What is a k-selected species? What is a metapopulation? What is habitat fragmentation? How can it lead to extinction? Using the +, -, 0 notation, what kind of interactions are: Parasitism Predation Herbivory Competition Commensalism Mutualism Be able to cite some examples of each kind. Understand what the short-term and long- term consequences of each is. What is predation? What are the animal defences against predation? What are some plant defences against herbivory? What is mimicry? What is the difference between Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry? Know some examples What is competition? Know some examples. What is aposematic coloration? What is cryptic coloration? What is an ecological niche? What is a fundamental niche? A realized niche? What is the competitive exclusion principle? What is niche differentiation and what causes it? What is commensalism? Know some examples What is mutualism? Know some examples How do species interactions cause coevolution? Give an example. What is a keystone species? How does its presence affect the species composition of a community? What happens if you remove it? What are community disturbances? What is succession? What is an ecosystem? What is the trophic structure of an ecosystem? How are different organisms divided into different trophic levels in an ecosystem? Why are there not more links in most food chains? What is the ultimate source of energy in most ecosystems? What is productivity? What are some limits to productivity (terrestrial and aquatic)? What are the most productive ecosystems (terrestrial and aquatic)? What are the least productive? Why is energy lost as it is transferred between trophic levels? What are biogeochemical cycles? Be sure to understand how the carbon and nitrogen cycles work. How do humans impact ecosystems by altering biogeochemical cycles? What is radiative forcing? What causes positive radiative forcing? What causes negative radiative forcing? Are there any uncertainties associated with climate models? What two general components of human activity most affect global warming? What is the greenhouse effect? What are some greenhouse gasses? Who discovered it and when? Who first predicted that adding CO2 into the atmosphere would cause climate change? What is the Paris Agreement? What does it try to ensure? What is the physical evidence that the earth is warming (there are many pieces of evidence here)? What is the physical evidence that humans are causing global warming? What effects does increasing CO2 in the atmosphere have on the ocean? What is the method used to obtain CO2 values for the atmosphere thousands of years ago? What is the physical evidence that proves humans are responsible for the added CO2 in the atmosphere? What two basic ways will humans be forced to deal with global climate change? What are the two main causes of sea level rise due to global warming? Fossil fuel use goes mainly toward producing what? How is the earth heated by the sun? What are the basic patterns of air circulation and why do they function the way they do? What are two local effects on basic climate patterns? Be able to identify the different biomes discussed in your book based on their physical characteristics. What is Liebig’s Law of the Minimum?