BIO 1ST QUIZ 2 PDF

Here is the transcription of the handwritten notes, formatted as markdown: ### Unicellular Organisms * Cell Division = reproduction * Has the ability to divide & multiply themselves. * Para rakanila when their crus divide it means na nagrereproduce rila. ### Multicellular Organisms *...

Here is the transcription of the handwritten notes, formatted as markdown: ### Unicellular Organisms * Cell Division = reproduction * Has the ability to divide & multiply themselves. * Para rakanila when their crus divide it means na nagrereproduce rila. ### Multicellular Organisms * Cell Division = Development * Dito naman call division means developing something that is damaged or werd idevtiop. * Growth- fertilized egg to individual * Renewal & Repair - in funny grown organirms ### Cell Cycle * Has two phases: Interphase & mitotic phase #### Interphase * "in between cell division" * Long growth period between call division * Pinakamanava, verting phare ng coll * In humans, the cell cycle takes 18-24 hours * $G_1$ (First Gap) - primary growth period for cells, naguidedevelop mga organzutor dito, cytoplasm size grouw bigger, takes 5-6 hours. * (Synthesis) - DNA is duplicated here, grows slowly (10-12 hours). * $G_2$ (Second Gap) - cells prepare for division, still growing slowly, double checking lanat novi since dapat perfect lanar for M phart. * Chromatin condenses into chromosomes (4-6 hours) * $G_0$- (Non-dividing) * either permanent or temporary * The cells wait here until it reaches the right size, may mga cells na nagrtstop mag divide at a certain time **EXAMPLES:** * Ostrocyter (Part of our skeletal systems) * Neurons ### DNA Structure & Function * Three processes are essential to DNA function ors phare * Replication - copying the cell's DNA before cell division * DNA -> DNA * Transcription - coding message of a vingie gene that is carried out to the nucleur * DNA-> RNA * Translation - process of converting the coded message from RNA into protzin * RNA -> Protein ### How cell Reproduction is Regulated * Not all cells divide at the ramı ratu * Internal surveillance & control mechanisms * Several Key Checkpoints (* parang police na may go & stop) * "go signal" must be recrived in order for the cycle to proceed * $G_1$ checkpoint - is the coll damaged or growing well though * $G_2$ checkpoint - if hindi makapara programmeo cull drain, was the cell replicated properly * M checkpoint - are the spindel fibers attached properly to kinziochon * Outside influences can modify the cell cycle * Hormones ### Apoptosis * programmed cell death when a cell doesn't pass checkpoints * Growth Factors * Presence of other calls ### Mitotic / M Phase * Cell Division * Where mitoris & maioris happens, where PMAT & Cytokinesis also happens * Mitosis * Happens in somatic cells * For repair & reproduction * Generates new diploid cells (2N), two sets of chromosome from parent cells * 2(23) = 46 diploid cells * Artxual reproduction * Nuclear Division * Mitosis * Cytokinesis * Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent colw ### Meiosis * veys cells (happens in testes & ovaries) * For veproduction * Generates (1N) ro I set lang ng chromosomes * 1(23) = 23 chromorome * Daughter cells are genetically different from parent cell * Dur to crossing-over * Has two cell divisions (PMAT I, PMAT 2) * Meiosis 1 - 1 diploid call to 2 haploid cells, crossing-over * Meiosis 2 - 2 haploid calls to 4 haploid calle * Chromatin - ringit pero di pa ready varr * Chromatid - ringit pero malandi * Chromosome - in a relationship na * Chromatin/chromatid are exclusive to zach other (* strandtest) * Mitosis * Prophase * Chromatin condenser into chromosome | | Haploid | vs | Diploid | | :------- | :------ | :- | :------ | | | 1 pair | | 2 pair | | | Reproductive | | Somatic | | | 1(N) | | 2(N) | | | 23 chromorome | | 46 | | | Maioisis | | Mitosis | * Centrosomes organize microtubules * Microtubules forms mitotic spindle which pull chromosomos apart * Aster - stabilizar contromeres * Centrioles travel to different places * Centrosome migrate to different cull poles * Centromeres - middle of uncompromesio * Spindle Fiber - tagahatak, line **Metaphase** aligning chromosomes va gitna where M check point nappens **Anaphase** * Centromeres divide * Chromosomes divide into two * travels to opposite poles * microtubols pull centromeres into the poles * Pro-Metaphase - nuclear envelope fragments are visible * Each chromatid has kinetochort * Kinetochort - attachment site ng spindle fibers. **Telophase** * nuclear envelope devlops * chromosome relay into chromatin * spindle fiber disappiar appearance of cleavage **Cytokinesis** * division of cytoplasm * cleavage seperater leaving a daughter coll **Meiosis** Crossing over sister chromatids exchange regment thus creating genetic variability * Prophase I * Chromosomes condenses * Centrioles travel to different places * Nagpapair na yung homologous chromosomes, crassing over * Multiple combinations can occur here dahil sa genetic variability from crassing outh * Metaphase I - alignment of chromosome ra gitna crossing-over happens * Anaphase I - microtubules pull centromerer into opposite polts * Telophase I - nuclear envelope devlops appearance of cleavage * Cytokinesis division of cytoplasm cleavage dirappiars * Prophase II duplication of centrioles travel to opposite poler disappearance of nuclear envelope attachment of spindle fiverr to chromosomes | | Homologous chromosome | | :------------------ | :--------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | Pair of maternal and paternal chromosome | | | | | Synaptonimal complex | Zipper-likeStructure na naghohod ng homologer to another | | Synapsis | Association of nonsister chromatid regments | | Chiasmata | Point of crassing- over | * Metaphase II- chromosomes align in the middle * Anaphase II - microtubules pull centromerer into opposite polef * Telophase II - apprarance of nuclear τηντιορτ, appearance of cleavage * Cytokinesis II - cytoplasm divides into 2, cleavage disappear leaving 4 daughter cells * Human Life Cycle * Gamatogenesis * Gamete - a requirement in the start of numan lift *Egg * Produced by females in the ovaries * Only out is produced * After dageneris, l egg call in viable * 4 cells but only one is produced * Sperm * produced by malw in the torter * Stem Cell = undifferentiated (wala pang trabaho) * Oogenesis * 4 cells, but only (1 egg cell) the rest are polar bodies quality over quantity * Spermatogenesis * 4 sperm cells * quantity over quality * Sperm * Tail whiplike moviment that propel the sperm * Midpiece contain mitochondria that produces energy for the sperm * "neck" * head-contains chronometer * Acrosome contains enzymes that assist in fertilization * Madaming sperm and need because of the environmerts da cervix and you need a perfect sperm para ra fertillzation * Egg * Zona Pellucida outer shell na need ipenetrate * Early Embryonic stage * Gamete Formation * Eggs & sperm form respectively * Fertilization * Sperm & egg fuse plasma membrane * nuclear furer with one nuitw forms a zygote * Cleavage - cell division carve up different regions of egg cytoplasm for daughter cells * Reproduction part * Cell division * Gastrulation -cell division, migrations, rearrangements forms 2 or 3 primary tissues, thus starting the production of specialized organs * Cell differentiation cell differentiation when artem cell changes from one type to a more specialized type * Organ Formation -sub populations of cells are sculpted into organs and tissues * Growth, Tissue Specialization - organs increase in size and take up their specialized functions * Formation of Germ Layus * Human Embryonic Development Day 0 * Both gameter are unicellular * Egg cell is joined with sperm cell Day 1-2 * First cleavage furrow extends between two polar bodies Day 3 * After 3rd cleavage collw form a compact ball day 4 * By 96 hours there is a ball of 16-32 cellf * This is the "movula" which is formed from the zygote * Cells of the surface layer will function in implantation 1 will form a membrane the chorion Day 5 * Fluid-filled cavity forms in the morula * By the 32 cell stage, differentiation is or occuring in the inner call mars that will foem a embryo * embryonic stage is called the blastocyst ir on its way to the uterus day 6-7 * Blastocyst cluster of cells early stage of an embryo develops from morola, secrete HCG *Human Chronic Gonadrotopin "Indicator for pregnancy - blastocyst S surface cells attach themativas to the enodometrium and start to burrow into it * Implantation into the uterine wall has started * Blastocyst Parts: trophoblast surface epithelium Blartocel cavity inner cell mars small clump of cell where embryo developer *Ectopic Pregnancy * Happens when the cell doesnt get implanted within in the uterine tube within 6 -7 dayr * Cleavage day (4) * Cell devision converts the Zygote into a ball of cells *Cytokines part *Morula- 16 Cell stage *Series of Cell division withou growth or differential day 4 Of fertilization * first division is roughly completed after 30 hours c18:36 hours after fertilization * 10-12 Hours Interval. *Blastomeri-Each New Cell Gastrulation (Day (5) *Procus of early development thatt produce 3 Germ layer * Germ Layer * Three primary tissues that forms as an early embryo developeg * 16 cles cells from movula will be distributed to the glum layer Ectoderm merodrum endoderm *Cell differntiation Nearly formed cells become specialized for a certain *function they will vary between shapes and function according to cell type, it will vary between a cell type according to the cell it type, bat have same dna-Proces where a stemm Cells become Specialized cells M0rophogensis *Specific organs and to form *Inplanment (Day 6-7) *blastocsyt Will evertually implan into the uterine wall *Phaver the contact th endometrium adhesisive the of 65-72 Attach to the Endometrial epithelinva the epithelial basment ands invasive #### Cloning * Reproduct Cloning copy of entire organsome requires a completely undifferenciated Starting point * methods -8 cls Clones produce are gentically Each other bur are not exact copies of each * Procedure egg in fertilies Alloned cell stage Outside the iving organsome sepernting to each of then out not the parent *Parons Kukuna kang cell from the organsmo Nacions Tapar you get an empty egg cell tapons A which COntains ONA Embryo sCont From some a vitgo egg therapy clones ribings 4-stem Cell Human Sell organs tumor