Bio 111 Ch 1: Evolution, Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry PDF

Bio 111 Ch 1 Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry Professor Julia E. Porado MS CT(ASCP)  INTRODUCTION Cell Theory agenda Requirements of Life Levels of Biological Organizat...

Bio 111 Ch 1 Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry Professor Julia E. Porado MS CT(ASCP)  INTRODUCTION Cell Theory agenda Requirements of Life Levels of Biological Organization Principles of Evolution _________________________ Scientific Menthod  The study of life Biology- the scientific study of life Properties of Life: Order (structure) Evolutionary adaptation Regulation Energy Processing Growth and Development Response to the environment Reproduction 20XX presentation title 3 Order: Structure Evolutionary Adaptation Regulation Energy Processing Growth and Development Response to the Environment Reproduction Exploring Levels of Biological Organization The Biosphere Consists of all life on Earth and all the places life exists  Ecosystems Consists of all living things in a particular area, along with all the non living components of the environment with which life interacts (ex.: water, soil, atmospheric gasses, light) Communities The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem  Populations All the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area that interbreed with each other. Organism Individual living thing.  Organs A body part that is made up of multiple tissues, and has specific function in the body  Tissues A group of cells that work together, performing a specialize function  Cells LIFE’S FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Some organisms consists of a single cell, which performs all the functions of life. Other organisms are multicellular and feature a division of labor amount specialized cells.  Organelles The various functional components of a cell  Molecules A chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms. Building blocks of life.  Systems Biology The exploration of a biological system b analyzing the interactions among it’s parts. 20XX presentation title 22  STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION The fundamental principle of biology 20XX presentation title 23  The Cell: An organism’s basic unit of structure and function CELL THEORY: ALL LIVING ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS, WHICH ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE EUKARYOTIC CELL PROKARYOTIC CELL o Contains membrane o Lacks a nucleus or other enclosed organelles membrane enclosed Has a DNA containing organelles nucleus 20XX presentation title 24  EUKARYOTIC CELL PROKARYOTIC CELL 20XX presentation title 25  DNA, the genetic material GENES o Each chromosome contains one long strand of DNA molecule, which encodes hundreds of thousands of genes. Genes are the units of inheritance o Transcription DNA—>mRNA—>product (ex: protein) Gene expression: the process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular o DNA structure 2 long strands of nucleotide chains, joined at base pairs by hydrogen bonds Nucleotides and their base pair A and T 20XX C and G presentation title 26  Genomics: large-scale analysis of DNA sequences GENOME o The entirety of genetic information in an organism. Genomics- the study of whole sets of genes in one or more species Proteomics- the study of sets of proteins and their properties Proteome- the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism o BIOINFORMATICS- HUGE IN INDUSTRY! Use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high-throughput methods 20XX Interdisciplinary presentation title 27  Life requires the transfer and transformation of energy and matter Producers -photosynthetic organisms Consumers -an organism that feeds on other organisms or their remains Ex: sunlight—>producer—>consumer 20XX presentation title 28  Energy transformation concepts Metabolism -the chemical changes that take place in a cell or organism. These changes make energy and the materials cells and organisms need to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy. Homeostasis -the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements,, especially in physiology 20XX presentation title 29 Molecules: Interactions within organisms Feedback regulation The output of a product or process regulates that very process Ex: High blood glucose level stimulates insulin secretion Insulin binds to cells—> glucose absorption—> lowered blood glucose Low blood glucose does not stimulate insulin secretion  Evolution: unity and diversity The process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time. 20XX presentation title 31  3 Domains of Life Bacteria and Archaea Two domains that consist of single-called prokaryotic organisms Eukarya Organisms with eukaryotic cells Four subgroups: Kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Anamalia Protists 20XX presentation title 32  Charles Darwin Natural selection Over many generations, higher proportion of individuals in a population will have advantageous traits Ex: birds: Long beak v. Short beak depending on feeding needs The natural environment consistently “selects” for the propagation of certain traits among naturally occurring variant traits in the population, based on success of survival to reproduction and passing on genes. 20XX presentation title 33  Scientific Study Inquiry The search for information and explanations of natural phenomena Exploration and Observation Gathering and analyzing data Data: Qualitative- descriptions ex: colors, symptoms Quantitative- numbers ex: measurements, calculations Inductive reasoning 20XX Deriving generalizations from a large number of specific observations presentation title 34 Forming and testing hypotheses Hypothesis A explanation, based on observations and assumptions, that leads to a testable prediction Deductive reasoning From general premises, we extrapolate to the specific results we should expect if the premises are true. Experiment A scientific test carried out under controlled conditions Variables and Controls Controlled experiment Compare and experimental group with a control group Variables: Factor that is manipulated and factor subsequently measured Independent variable The factor being manipulated by researchers Dependent variable Factor being measures that is predicted to be affected by the independent variable Ex: radiation therapy study  Theory General Board enough to branch off many hypotheses Scientific method 1. Define a question to investigate 2. Make predictions (hypothesis) 3. Gather data 4. Analyze data 5. Draw conclusions