BHME 2020 Final Exam (PDF)

## Final Assessment - 14 December 2020 **Question 2** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *is defined as an individual's total positive and negative thoughts about him/herself that is stable over time.* Select one: a. Self-esteem b. Social support c. Mastery d. Optimism The correct answer is: *...

## Final Assessment - 14 December 2020 **Question 2** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *is defined as an individual's total positive and negative thoughts about him/herself that is stable over time.* Select one: a. Self-esteem b. Social support c. Mastery d. Optimism The correct answer is: **Self-esteem** **Question 3** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *underpins the consistency with which we think, act and feel across different situations over time, and plays a pivotal role in mental health.* Select one: a. Behaviour. b. Genetics. c. Temperament. d. Personality. The correct answer is: **Personality.** **Question 6** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *A child and an adult is sitting at a table. The child has one biscuit in front of her. The adult has two biscuits in front of her. The child is asked if they each have an equal number of biscuits? The child says no. After the adult has broken the child's biscuit in half, the child says that they now have an equal number of biscuits. What concept has the child yet to learn?* Select one: a. Abstract thinking. b. **Conservation.** c. Object permanence. d. Inductive reasoning. The correct answer is: **Conservation.** **Question 7** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *A person might engage in poly-substance abuse for which of the following reasons?* Select one: a. Some drugs are used to treat drug withdrawal effects of other drugs. b. **All of the above.** c. Some drugs enhance the effects of other drugs. d. Some drugs are used to avoid unwanted side-effects of other drugs. The correct answer is: **All of the above.** **Question 90** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Which of the following is true about elements of intentions in Theory of Planned Behaviour?* Select one: a. All of the above. b. Patients privately held attitudes towards a particular behaviour do not matter. c. **The Theory of Planned Behaviour is very similar to the Health Belief Model, but it identifies a direct link between behaviour and intentions.** d. None of the above. The correct answer is: **The Theory of Planned Behaviour is very similar to the Health Belief Model, but it identifies a direct link between behaviour and intentions.** **Question 91** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Which of the following is typical of competent communicators?* Select one: a. They are reliable and will do anything to get their message across. b. **They are ethical in communication practices.** c. They are usually difficult to access as they are always in demand. d. They are usually the most believable members of a group. The correct answer is: **They are ethical in communication practices.** **Question 93** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Which of the following statement/s are true?* Select one: a. A & C. b. Social and behavioural factors do not play an important role in the treatment and prevention of almost all the major diseases. c. **There is a wealth of research evidence demonstrating the importance of psychological and behavioural factors in a range of illnesses and the influence of doctor-patient interactions on patient satisfaction and adherence.** d. Very little evidence exists that outlines actual and potential pathways between psychological factors and disease end-points. The correct answer is: **There is a wealth of research evidence demonstrating the importance of psychological and behavioural factors in a range of illnesses and the influence of doctor-patient interactions on patient satisfaction and adherence.** **Question 96** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Which one of the following is a method through which patients behaviour can be changed?* Select one: a. Direct consequences. b. Stories about other patients. c. **Feedback.** d. Patience and understanding. The correct answer is: **Feedback.** **Question 97** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Which school of psychology believed that the mind cannot be studied by breaking it into elements because the mind functions as an interconnected whole?* Select one: a. **Gestalt Psychology.** b. Behaviourism. c. Structuralism. d. Functionalism. The correct answer is: **Gestalt Psychology.** **Question 94** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Which of the following statements is false? Opioids...* Select one: a. **Are alkaloids extracted from the cocoa leaf.** b. Pharmacologically resemble morphine. c. Produce feelings of euphoria, relaxation and mood elevation d. Include heroine, methadone, and codeine. The correct answer is: **Are alkaloids extracted from the cocoa leaf.** **Question 95** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 *Which of the following statements is included in WHO’s definition of mental health?* Select one: a. **Realisation of abilities.** b. Ability to cope with adversity. c. Disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation and behaviour. d. Absence of disease. The correct answer is: **Realisation of abilities.** **Question 98** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Which statement best explains the Freudian or psychoanalytic approach in psychology?* Select one: a. **The unconscious contains instinctual drives, wishes, demands, needs and desires that remain hidden to avoid conflicts and pain.** b. The organism operates on its environment to produce a desirable result. c. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. d. Normal and abnormal behaviour are responses to a set of stimuli, responses that are learned from past experience. The correct answer is **The unconscious contains instinctual drives, wishes, demands, needs and desires that remain hidden to avoid conflicts and pain.** **Question 99** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Which statement/s are true?* Select one: a. **All of the above**. b. Psychological factors (e.g. beliefs and expectations) influence the progress in long-term medical conditions and impact on health outcomes. **c. Social and behavioural factors are important in the treatment and prevention of almost all the major diseases**. **d. Nearly half of preventable deaths can be linked to behaviours**. The correct answer is: **All of the above**. **Question 88** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Which of the following has been added to the DSM 5 criteria for Substance Use?* Select one: a. A maladaptive pattern of psychoactive substance use. b. A physiological addiction. c. **Craving or a strong desire or urge to use a substance.** d. Impaired control of use of a substance. The correct answer is: **Craving or a strong desire or urge to use a substance.** **Question 89** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Which of the following is not an individual and psychological determinant of mental health?* Select one: a. Self-concept. b. **Poverty.** c. Locus of control. d. Personality. The correct answer is: **Poverty.** **Question 92** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Which of the following refers accurately to the change in the new DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder?* Select one: a. Dependence has been defined as "impaired control of use" (i.e. physiological addiction). b. **The "recurrent legal problems" criterion for substance abuse has been deleted from DSM-5.** c. "Craving or a strong desire or urge to use a substance" has been added as a criterion. d. Both A and B. The correct answer is: **Both A and B**. **Question 82** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Which model is used to formulate a complete understanding of the origins of mental disorders?* Select one: a. **Biopsychosocial Model** b. Cognitive-Behavioural Model. c. DSM 5. d. Determinants of Health Model. The correct answer is: **Biopsychosocial Model.** **Question 83** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 *Which of the below is not included as a negative mood state associated with poorer mental health?* Select one: a. Contempt. b. Fear. c. Guilt. d. **Grief.** The correct answer is: **Grief** **Question 86** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 *Which of the following drugs has a low addictive potential?* Select one: a. **Hallucinogens** b. None of the above. c. Amphetamines. d. Cocaine. The correct answer is: **Hallucinogens.** **Question 87** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 *Which of the following factors is important when a Health-Care Professional works with individuals from diverse backgrounds?* Select one: a. Cultural sensitivity and warmth. b. **Cultural awareness and cultural competence.** c. Cultural competence and genuineness. d. Non-judgmental attitude and cultural sensitivity. The correct answer is: **Cultural awareness and cultural competence.** **Question 80** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 *What are three main psychological factors involved in developing and maintaining mental health or illness?* Select one: a. **Thoughts, emotions and behaviour**. b. Genes, temperament and behaviour. c. Personality, behaviour and socio-economic status. d. Genes, temperament and socio-economic status. The correct answer is: **Thoughts, emotions and behaviour**. **Question 81** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 *What places a South African at risk for a substance-use disorder?* Select one: a. Being South African. b. Being female. c. **Being in the 35-49 year age group.** d. Being male. The correct answer is: **Being male.** **Question 84** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Which of the following applies the least to chronic pain?* Select one: a. It challenges coping strategies, often draining the patient and their family and friends. b. **It is usually adequately managed as a result of the patient’s unfounded fears.** c. It adds a complication to people’s lives, reducing their emotional and physical capabilities. d. It often leaves a person feeling isolated and alone, thinking and believing that no one understands them or their pain. The correct answer is: **It is usually adequately managed as a result of the patient’s unfounded fears.** **Question 85** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 *Which of the following components make up a patient’s perceptions of illness?* Select one: a. Causal beliefs. b. **Patients' treatment preference.** c. **Perceived effects of illness on the patient’s life**. d. B and C. The correct answer is: **B and C.** **Question 74** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The Protection Motivation Theory includes motivational factors to the Health Behaviour Model's basic structure and suggests that motivation to protect oneself is based on...* Select one: a. the level of the patient's anxiety. b. **the magnitude of the threat (severity).** c. none of the above. d. the availability of resources. The correct answer is **the magnitude of the threat (severity).** **Question 75** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The stress response involves...* Select one: a. biological responses. b. behavioural reactions to a stressor. c. **physiological, cognitive, behavioural, and emotional responses.** d. psychological appraisal of the stressor. The correct answer is: **physiological, cognitive, behavioural, and emotional responses.** **Question 78** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 *This combination represents the most influential determinants of health in South Africa:* Select one: a. Access to care, social cohesion, housing. b. Race, education, housing. c. **Education, social cohesion, gender.** d. **Poverty, race, gender.** The correct answer is: **Poverty, race, gender.** **Question 79** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Two-way communication...* Select one: a. is bilingual. b. involves two channels of communication. c. **allows senders to see if their message has been received.** d. is only practiced in good relationships. The correct answer is: **allows senders to see if their message has been received.** **Question 72** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The need for addressing the social determinants of health in South Africa is recognised through the...* Select one: a. Agreement for the Development of National Investment in Social Issues. b. National Social Determinants Agreement. c. **Negotiated Service Delivery Agreement.** d. National Health Plan. The correct answer is: **Negotiated Service Delivery Agreement.** **Question 73** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The nervous system most involved in the response to stress is the...* Select one: a. **autonomic nervous system.** b. parasympathetic subsystem. c. somatic nervous system. d. peripheral nervous system. The correct answer is: **autonomic nervous system.** **Question 76** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The three stages of the stress response are...* Select one: a. collapse, death, equilibrium. b. alarm, distress, fright. c. flight, fight, disease. d. **alarm, resistance, exhaustion.** The correct answer is: **alarm, resistance, exhaustion.** **Question 77** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The Transactional Model of Lazarus and Folkman’s (1984) definition of stress highlights two processes:* Select one: a. eustress and distress. b. **cognitive appraisal and coping.** c. resilience and mediation. d. cognitive appraisal and external processes. The correct answer is: **cognitive appraisal and coping.** **Question 66** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The following is a principle used by the WHO in guiding its work in eliminating health inequities:* Select one: a. **Improve conditions of daily life.** b. Encourage genetic research. c. Promote foreign investment in health. d. Maintain the current distribution of wealth. The correct answer is: **Improve conditions of daily life.** **Question 67** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The following is true about the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB):* Select one: a. None of the above. b. **A & B**. c. TPB has become a major model for health promotion. d. TPB derives from social psychology and is a development of the earlier Theory of Reasoned Action. The correct answer is **A & B**. **Question 70** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The International Association for the Study of Pain's (1979) definition of pain includes the following:* Select one: a. **All of the above.** b. An unpleasant emotional experience. c. Associated actual and potential tissue-damage. d. An unpleasant sensory experience. The correct answer is: **All of the above.** **Question 71** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The International Classification of Functioning, Disability & Health (ICF, 2001):* Select one: a. indicates that people with disabilities predominantly live in higher income countries. b. reports that people with disabilities have adequate access to health care services. c. refers to the treatment of persons with chronic mental illness. d. **uses the term "difficulty experienced" rather than disability.** The correct answer is: **uses the term "difficulty experienced" rather than disability.** **Question 64** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 *The experienced painfulness of a sensation is influenced by the degree to which it:* Select one: a. is related to life-threatening processes. b. is attributed meaning by the patient. c. signifies actual or potential tissue-damage, in the view of the patient. d. **all of the above.** The correct answer is: **all of the above.** **Question 65** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The following are external barriers in the communication process:* Select one: a. context, climate, environment. b. people, language, attitude. c. **noise, distractions, jargon.** d. intent message, medium. The correct answer is: **noise, distractions, jargon.** **Question 68** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The goal of developmental psychology is to identify how the individual develops...* Select one: a. **biologically, psychologically and socially.** b. cognitively, socially and academically. c. perceptually, cognitively and socially. d. psychosocially, biologically, and economically. The correct answer is: **biologically, psychologically and socially.** **Question 69** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The health behaviour model attempts to explain:* Select one: a. Outcomes of health interventions. b. Health behaviour. c. Compliance. d. **Health behaviour and compliance.** The correct answer is: **Health behaviour and compliance.** **Question 58** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *…promotes the notion that disability is a universal experience.* Select one: a. World Report on Disability b. World Health Organization World Bank Report c. Mental Health Care Act d. **World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.** The correct answer is: **World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health** **Question 59** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *…recognises the inherent dignity and worth and unalienable rights of persons with disabilities.* Select one: a. World Bank Report b. World Report on Disability c. The Psychosocial Rehabilitation Act d. **Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.** The correct answer is: **Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.** **Question 62** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 *The elements of correct listening posture do not include...* Select one: a. attentive listening. b. leaning forward. c. **sitting squarely.** d. being open. The correct answer is: **attentive listening.** **Question 63** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The experience of pain differs from person to person as a result of which factors?* Select one: a. Reactions of parents. b. **All of the above**. c. Complex interactions between cognitive, behavioural, emotional and physiological factors. d. Culture. The correct answer is: **All of the above.** **Question 56** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Substance abuse refers to:* Select one: a. impaired control of use of a substance. b. B and C c. **a maladaptive pattern of psychoactive substance use.** d. a physiological addiction. The correct answer is: **a maladaptive pattern of psychoactive substance use.** **Question 57** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 *…recognises that people with disabilities are at a greater risk for violence, injury or abuse, neglect & exploitation.* Select one: a. The Psychosocial Rehabilitation Act. b. **Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.** c. World Bank Report. d. World Report on Disability. The correct answer is: **Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.** **Question 60** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 *The brain was not believed to be the seat of pain sensation until...* Select one: a. the Renaissance (14th-17th centuries). b. Aristotle. c. **Both A and B.** d. systematic autopsies were carried out by Andreas Versalius (1514-1564), the founder of modern human anatomy. The correct answer is: **Both A and B**. **Question 61** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *The communication process...* Select one: a. involves misquoting as an element. b. **is context dependent.** c. can be replicated identically in many environments. d. is simple and easily defined. The correct answer is: **is context dependent.** **Question 50** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Paraphrasing involves…* Select one: a. succinctly pulling together ideas from an interview. b. using a distinct series of phrases to convey a point. c. guessing what the patient says before she does so. d. **briefly restating the content of the discussion.** The correct answer is: **briefly restating the content of the discussion.** **Question 51** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Personality traits are…* Select one: a. consistent and unchanging individual patterns of thinking and behaviour. b. fundamental, unmodifiable individual patterns of thinking and behaviour. c. stable and universal patterns of thinking and behaviour. d. **fundamental but modifiable individual patterns of thinking and behaviour.** The correct answer is: **fundamental but modifiable individual patterns of thinking and behaviour.** **Question 54** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Select the most complete statement below. Basic Issues in the human life cycle include debates…* Select one: a. the impact of social forces on development. b. the evolution of development. c. on the ecological impact of development. d. **on whether development is continuous or discontinuous; the course of development and nature-nature controversies.** The correct answer is: **on whether development is continuous or discontinuous; the course of development and nature-nature controversies.** **Question 55** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Social determinants of health affect factors that are related to…* Select one: a. birth rate b. **health outcomes.** c. Mortality. d. incidence of disease. The correct answer is: **health outcomes.** **Question 48** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Our psychological experience of pain is affected by which of the following factors?* Select one: a. Impact. b. Context and interpretation. c. **All of the above** d. Expectations, attention and emotions. The correct answer is: **All of the above** **Question 49** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Our psychological experience of pain is most affected by…* Select one: a. diet. b. exercise. c. **interpretation.** d. sleep. The correct answer is: **interpretation.** **Question 52** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Piaget’s cognitive theory includes four stages of development. These include:* Select one: a. The stage of assimilation, accommodation, preoperational stage, and formal operational stage. b. The sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, the assimilation stage, and formal operational stage. c. **The sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, the concrete operation stage, and formal operational stage.** d. The sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, the concrete operation stage, and accommodational operational stage. The correct answer is: **The sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, the concrete operation stage, and formal operational stage.** **Question 53** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Reframing and interpretations…* Select one: a. **attempt to replace an old, maladaptive response with a useful one.** b. is most effective when patients are bored. c. should be used with extreme caution as it can lead to confusion. d. attempts to understand what the patient is saying by repeating it in different words. The correct answer is: **attempt to replace an old, maladaptive response with a useful one.** **Question 42** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Leventhal’s self-regulatory model of illness defines three (3) stages which regulate behaviour, except for…* Select one: a. **motivation to change health threatening behaviour.** b. interpretation of the health threat. c. the appraisal stage. d. an action plan/strategy. The correct answer is: **motivation to change health threatening behaviour.** **Question 43** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Low compliance is common if the regimen has…* Select one: a. is complex. b. requires a change of long standing habits. c. **all of the above.** d. a very long duration. The correct answer is: **all of the above.** **Question 46** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Models of health behaviour all share a common framework in that they exemplify a bio-psychosocial approach to health. Such an approach…* Select one: a. recognizes that the social, economic and cultural settings will have a great impact on health. b. recognizes the biological and genetic basis of illness. c. recognizes the context in which health care is provided. d. **A and B** The correct answer is: **A and B** **Question 47** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *One of the reasons that communication is complex is that it…* Select one: a. **is personal and cultural.** b. involves language. c. is a problem for most people. d. is unavoidable. The correct answer is: **is personal and cultural.** **Question 40** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *It is not the role of a clinical psychologist in assessing the experience of pain…* Select one: a. to evaluate the impact the pain is having on a person’s life. b. to evaluate the bio-psycho-social aspects of a patient’s pain. c. **to evaluate whether the pain is real or imaginary.** d. to identify any misplaced beliefs and fears which may be hindering the effective management and treatment of the pain. The correct answer is: **to evaluate whether the pain is real or imaginary.** **Question 41. ** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Kohlberg’s stages of moral development include the following stages:* Select one: a. pre-conventional morality, conventional morality and social conformity b. pre-conventional morality; conventional morality; and law and order c. obedience and punishment; self-interest, and law and order d. **pre-conventional morality; conventional morality, and post-conventional morality** The correct answer is: **pre-conventional morality; conventional morality, and post-conventional morality** **Question 44** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Matthew can put his socks and shoes on. He wants to tie his shoelaces but doesn’t know how to. His older brother starts step-by-step showing him how to and gets Matthew to practice tying his shoelaces until Matthew can do it on his own. This example describes a process referred to as…* Select one: a. deductive logic. b. naïve psychology. c. **zone of proximal development.** d. systematic hypothesis testing. The correct answer is: **zone of proximal development.** **Question 45** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Mental health is determined by the inter-relationship between…* Select one: a. **individual and social determinants.** b. economic and demographic determinants. c. genes and temperament. d. environmental and demographic determinants. The correct answer is: **individual and social determinants.** **Question 34** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Health science students learn psychology so that they are able to…* Select one: a. develop genuine self-awareness (e.g. prejudices, interests, limitations of self and others). b. understand patients holistically as individuals with different world-views and not mere entities. c. learn to communicate better. d. **all of the above.** The correct answer is: **all of the above.** **Question 35** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *In attending to non-verbal communication. It is important to…* Select one: a. **acknowledge what you observe and be open and candid.** b. correct the patient’s posture to ensure the correct messages are conveyed. c. make humorous comments. d. ask the patient to avoid distracting movements. The correct answer is: **acknowledge what you observe and be open and candid.** **Question 38** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *In the communication process climate influences…* Select one: a. meaning. b. Understanding. c. **atmosphere.** d. emotion. The correct answer is: **atmosphere.** **Question 39** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *In Western countries, the first description of pain appeared…* Select one: a. **all of the above.** b. in ancient Greece. c. from around the 8th century BC. d. in Homer’s epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The correct answer is: **all of the above.** **Question 32** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Freud theorized that as we develop, three personality structures emerge. These include:* Select one: a. Conscious, preconscious and unconscious. b. Id, preconscious and unconscious. c. Id, conscious, preconscious. d. **Id, ego & superego** The correct answer is: **Id, ego & superego** **Question 33** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Good communication is based on a various factors. Which of the following statements is most correct about communication?* Select one: a. Good communicators are born not made. b. Communication is unchangeable because once a message is sent it cannot be taken back. c. Careful attention ensures that communications can be duplicated. d. **Communication is unavoidable because it is impossible not to communicate.** The correct answer is: **Communication is unavoidable because it is impossible not to communicate.** **Question 36** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *In oriental or traditional Chinese medicine…* Select one: a. the term for pain appeared for the first time more than 3000 years ago. b. the term for pain appeared for the first time in a book called Huang Di Nei Jing. c. **all of the above.** d. pain was believed to be an imbalance between yin and yang. The correct answer is: **all of the above.** **Question 37** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *In terms of its psychological outcomes, stress can impact on psychological health/well-being by causing…* Select one: a. other high risk behaviours (e.g. suicidal behaviour, driving over the speed limit). b. **all of the above.** c. psychopathology (e.g. depression, acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, etc.). d. impaired relationships (e.g. divorce, physical abuse, etc.) and substance abuse. The correct answer is; **all of the above.** **Question 26** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *…emphasises peoples’ basic goodness and their tendency to grow to higher levels of functioning.* Select one: a. **Humanistic psychology** b. Functionalism c. Freudian or psychoanalytic psychology d. Health psychology The correct answer is: **Humanistic psychology** **Question 27** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 *Environmental resources such as **… also pose as stressors.* Select one: a. relocation and change. b. **transition and change.** c. personal control and self-esteem. d. transition and loss of familiar psychosocial environment. The correct answer is: **transition and change.** **Question 30** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *…focuses on the fundamental elements that form the foundation of thinking, consciousness, emotions and other kinds of mental states and activities.* Select one: a. **Structuralism.** b. Functionalism. c. Gestalt Psychology. d. Behaviourism. The correct answer is: **Structuralism.** **Question 31** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Freud hypothesized several stages in development. Select the correct statement below regarding the first developmental stage.* Select one: a. The oedipal stage is the first developmental stage when the child learns to breast feed. b. The genital stage is the first developmental stage during which the child learns about its body and self-control. c. The anal stage is the first developmental stage during which a child achieves bowel control. d. **The oral stage is the first stage developmental stage in which the infant’s pleasure centers around the mouth.** The correct answer is: **The oral stage is the first stage developmental stage in which the infant’s pleasure centers around the mouth.** **Question 24** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Disease itself can result in exclusion. This phenomenon is reflected in the social determinant of…* Select one: a. stigma. b. **social cohesion.** c. poverty. d. marginalisation. The correct answer is: **social cohesion.** **Question 25** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 *Economic stability is a social determinant of health associated with, amongst other factors,....* Select one: a. supply and demand. b. investment. c. sustainability. d. **food security.** The correct answer is: **food security.** **Question 28** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 *Erikson's theory focused on the psychosocial aspect of human development. He theorized that the main psychosocial issue in adolescent development