تحليل الدم البيوكيميائي PDF - المجلة السريرية

Here's the conversion of the document into a markdown format: ## Chapter Two **(CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY) Blood Biochemical Analysis** It was mentioned in the morphologic analysis of blood a number of important functions of this vital fluid. There are other important vital functions closely related t...

Here's the conversion of the document into a markdown format: ## Chapter Two **(CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY) Blood Biochemical Analysis** It was mentioned in the morphologic analysis of blood a number of important functions of this vital fluid. There are other important vital functions closely related to the biochemical components of blood as follows: 1- Transfer of biochemical compounds such as vitamins, hormones, enzymes and others from the places of their synthesis to the various organs and tissues. 2- Maintaining the balance of acidity and alkalinity (PH) and regulating the water and electrolyte balance between the fluid inside the cells, the circulating fluid in the body, and the fluid between the cells. 3- Regulating the body temperature within a constant rate approximately. 4- Providing the body's protection and defense against various diseases by transferring immune bodies to the site of injury. **Blood Biochemical Composition:** The biochemical composition of the blood in the normal state is almost constant. This depends on groups and organized mechanisms that fall within the scope of the nervous system and the endocrine system, as well as the regulatory system, which works continuously to maintain the stability of blood composition within the physiological range, because such mechanisms and devices ensure the reciprocal relationship in the conduct of the work of organs such as the liver, kidneys, lungs, the cardiovascular system, etc. Some slight changes may occur in the composition of the blood under various conditions, including physiological, environmental, nutritional and housing conditions, but they are quickly adjusted automatically without therapeutic intervention with the disappearance of the influencing factor. In cases of illness, the changes that occur in the biochemical composition of the blood are of some importance, and do not improve unless with appropriate and rapid treatment. Therefore the biochemical analysis of organic fluids, especially blood, can give a clear idea of what is happening in the body of disturbances where blood is one of the important fluids that contains most of the important biochemical compounds that can be determined their values by appropriate laboratory methods. This blood biochemical analysis is widely used in the field of veterinary medicine in order to detect many of ## various diseases in light of the changes occurring in the composition of this interstitial fluid in the body. It is known That blood contains different organic and inorganic components. Mostly constitute proteins, carbohydrates, Fats, mineral salts and others. **(The plasma proteins) Plasma proteins** The dry matter in blood plasma is about 9-10%, and the proteins constitute most of this percentage. 8.5%, and this percentage is called the total protein. As for the few remaining percentage of dry matter, they are other organic and inorganic compounds. The concentration of total protein in plasma in domestic animals is estimated at about 60-80 g / l, except for dogs, it is less in a little ratio (53-73 g / l). The general protein consists of more than/100/protein compound, but for simplicity of study, these compounds were classified into three main groups: A - Albumin. (B) Globulins. C- Fibrinogen. **Changes that occur in the concentration of total protein in the plasma:** **1- Increased concentration of total protein in plasma: Hyperproteinaemia** There are several major factors that play a role in this area, including: Relative deficiency or dehydration seen in animals that have sustained severe dehydration in high milk-producing dairy cattle and in cases of persistent and protracted anemia, where the proportion of PCV remains within normal limits or is slightly lower than normal. This conceals the fact of dehydration, unless to test for the concentration of total plasma protein and verify its increased concentration. An increase in the concentration of total protein may be noted accompanied by an increase in the number of red blood cells occurring as a result of the spleen. Decreased due to adrenaline release in the blood, leading to an increase in the ratio (PCV) by about 20-25 خلال دقائق قليلة. This measure is theoretically less diagnostic value of plasma protein concentration in cases of dehydration than ## The measurement of (PCV) because the proteins, as mentioned above, is not limited to absolute existence on the blood. with that This practically constitutes an assessment of the general protein concentration in plasma with specific advantages that merit reliance on them by In other areas other than dehydration. It should be noted that in the case of relative dehydration, an increase in the concentration of all types of proteins is observed Protein fractions in the same proportion. But when the dehydration is absolute, the increase in plasma protein concentration is highlighted in Globulin count, while albumin remains constant or decreases slightly from the normal level, as happens An increase in the concentration of plasma protein when gamma globulin production is increased in the plasma is abnormal Paraproteinaemie This is what happens in the case of response to antigens and some septic and purulent diseases Some chronic diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and septic peritonitis in cats, as well as the advancement of Animal age is a contributing factor to the increase in plasma protein concentration in globulin account. **2- Decreased concentration of plasma protein:** **A. - Deficiency of general protein synthesis in the body:** This is noted in newborns of all kinds of animals -Malnutrition Dietary Protein Deficiency, where protein or azoto deficiency reduces albumin levels In the blood, wasting and loss of appetite for food may have the same effect. This also includes Malabsorption and decreased intestinal function efficiency in addition to liver damage caused by steatosis or Fibrosis or tumor infection. Among the factors that must be mentioned in this area are advanced pregnancy and lactation , It is observed in sheep especially that in the first half of the gestation period, the level of albumin drops, while in The second half and even several days after birth, a decrease in globulin concentration due to increased presentation with Colostrum. **(B) Loss of protein in the body:: This is noted in the following cases:** - Severe blood loss, especially in horses Chronic loss of blood or protein: This is seen in chronic intestinal lesions (Enteropathy) and infection Parasites. - Kidney diseases, especially nephrosis, inflammation of the tubules and glomeruli. - Scalded burns, especially those with large areas, which constitute more than (40-50%) of the skin area. ## C- Loss of plasma protein inside the body cavities due to: - Ascites or edema , internal bleeding, pleurisy and pericardial effusion. **Changes that occur in the concentration of protein fractions:** **1- Albumin Deficiency** **(A) - Inhibition of its synthesis in the body: It stems from:** - Malnutrition: Deficiency in the intake of essential amino acids, deficiency in the intake of enzymes, cases of poor Digestion, as well as cases of diarrhea, malabsorption and hunger. - Liver diseases: hardening or fibrosis of the liver, malignancy, necrosis in the hepatic tissue, and hepatitis) **(B) Increase protein breakdown** **(C) Albumin leakage through damaged blood vessels and tissues.** **(D Increasing the concentration of secondary globulin** **(E) Edema, ascites or hydrothorax, hydrothorax.** From what has been mentioned it can be concluded that the deficiency of albumin concentration is mainly related to three important organs: the liver, the kidneys, and the intestines, In order to assess the safety of the liver and to ensure the smooth functioning of protein function, tests are carried out on Relationship to vital liver functions and metabolic efficiency. To ensure the safety and efficiency of the kidneys and not to lose Protein through them, kidney function tests are also applied to blood and urine. As for For the intestines, it is sufficient to observe chronic diarrhea and determine the phenomenon of malabsorption. **2- Increase in globulin concentration in plasma:** **(A) Alpha globulin Increases in inflammatory incidents, especially in dogs, and in acute kidney diseases.** And chronic, tissue lysis or breakdown, tumors and fever **(B) Increase in beta globulin in cases of liver disease and in fat metabolism disorders, diabetes**, hypothyroidism, acute Internal parasitic infections in horses, chronic skin diseases in dogs, inflammation Eosinophilic muscles in dogs. **(C) Gamma globulin Increasing globulin concentration in blood plasma reflects the response of the reticuloendothelial ## (RES) for antigens, as the magnitude of the increase during infection depends on the severity of the Disease and on the host's response to this disease, and it is noted that the concentration of gamma globulin in horses During birth is absent or very low, , but it soon increases in newborns after taking colostrum, As its concentration changes when infected with bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases, but in most diseases Viral, it does not change or increase slightly, as its rise is noted in case of hardening or cirrhosis of the liver 0 Plasma in For example, the concentration of gamma globulin does not change in foot-and-mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis in cattle, It occurs a noticeable change in infectious anemia in horses, albumin increases in blood . **Fibrinogen** Fibrinogen is found in the blood in a very small proportion estimated at (2-4 g/l) and it is a low percentage when compared with The proportion of other proteins , and this protein occupies an important place among blood proteins , and has properties similar to Globulins, it dissolves in water and gives the blood the property of clotting and forms the solid suspension when released to the medium Externally, by converting fibrinogen to fibrin, which does not dissolve in water, and this conversion is accomplished by the yeast. Thrombin or its analogues (fibrinogen is formed in the cells of the special hepatic tissue and stored in it until the time of request. **1- Increase in fibrinogen level in plasma:** There are general causes that lead to an increase in the concentration of fibrinogen in the plasma, including acute and chronic inflammation due to Germs or chemical substances or due to trauma and developmental tumors besides tissue breakdown in the body 0 **2 - Decrease in fibrinogen level in blood plasma:** One of the general and leading causes of this is the presence of blood samples on blood clots, liver diseases, especially acute And evolved , agony, fibrin infiltration inside the serosal cavities , birth events and complications Shock, metastatic tumors, in addition to emergency nutritional disorders 0 ## Carbohydrates and fats **(Charbohydrates and Lipides)** **(Glucose)** It is one of the most important sugars for the animal's body from a physiological point of view. It is grape sugar (lycoside) It exists in all cells and tissues of the body, and it is characterized by a constant concentration in the blood plasma continuously, and it forms the sugar Real blood. Its concentration in animals with simple stomachs is estimated in the morning on an empty stomach at about (4.5-5 milli Mol (l), and about (3-4 mmole (l) in ruminants. As mentioned above, the concentration of lycoside in the blood remains Fixed approximately, and that is of great physiological importance **The renal threshold for glucose:** The glomeruli within the kidney allow lycoside to filter completely, and then it is reabsorbed again through the near tubules Completely, but the capacity or energy of the reabsorption process within these tubules remains within certain limits. When there is a sudden increase in the concentration of lycoside in the blood, reaching 10 mlli mole l at times, the process of Re-absorption becomes incomplete, and part of the lycoside can appear with urine, and this concentration The elevated, which caused glycosuria, is called the renal threshold. **Changes that occur in glucose concentration in plasma** - **-1 Increase the concentration of glycsos in the blood Increase of the glycsose concentration in the blood in the following cases:** Following the consumption of sugary nutritional meals. Hard whitening. Stress factor. Treatment with steroidal steroids. Treatment with sugary solutions injected into the vein. Infection with diabetes. Special diseases that are associated with an increase in the concentration of glycsos. -2- Decrease of glycsose concentration in the blood: - ## - Decrease the concentration of triglyceride relating to high insulin concentration in the blood. - Decrease of triglyceride concentration due to pancreatic cancer injury. - Decrease of glycsos due to hunger. - Decrease of glycsos due to fatty injured liver. - Decrease of triglyceride due to metabolic complications: ketozis , pregnancy poisoning at sheep , liver shortness, Cases of malnutrition. Decrease of self glucose (spontaneous) **Ketone bodies (acetonic)** Normal intermediate metabolic products of carbohydrates and fats found in ruminant blood naturally With a certain and little concentration and ketone bodies are created at remenants mainly in the liver and in the tissue Rassifi for crochet mucosa and little amounts at udder and lungs and kidneys. The cases that the concentration of ketone bodies increases in it The first ketozis and the second. Pregnancy toxemia. Fatting liver phenomenon at cows. Lactose disease at predator and horses. Absolute carbohydrates deficiency at cases of hunger and fasting. Some digestive diseases: pulping leaves , bad quick digestive , displacement of rennet , pyothorax retroperitoneal The spongy. Udder inflammation. Uterus inflammation. Claw inflammation. Extension of infection by Radial Bacillus to rumen and web. Malnutrition diseases.