Basics of ICT introduction.pdf

ETS120BC2: Basics of ICT (Pre-semester) Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 What is ICT? ICT refers Information Communication and Technology. Technology refers to methods, systems and devices, which are a result of scientif...

ETS120BC2: Basics of ICT (Pre-semester) Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 What is ICT? ICT refers Information Communication and Technology. Technology refers to methods, systems and devices, which are a result of scientific knowledge, being used for practical purposes Information is a meaningful representation of data. Various forms of technologies that are used to create, display, store, process, transmit, exchange information by electronic means at any time anywhere and provide protection for the data. It is called ICT. Technologies used for communication: Radio, TV, News paper ICT facilitates communication anywhere, anytime and by anyone. Easier to communicate worldwide An information processing that acquires the digital data and make use of communication systems to store, process, transmit and retrieve digital data at any time anywhere and provide protection for the data. Digitization  storage/retrieval  process  transmit  receiving at any time any where Create various forms of digital information like text, image, audio, video, multimedia  Digitization: the conversion of text, pictures, or sound into a digital form that can be processed by a computer.  Storage: store the digital data in a local storage device or in cloud storage.  Retrieval: get back the data from storage device.  Process: apply some algorithms and get new information  Transmit: send the data/information via communication medium  Receive: Receive the information coming in a communication medium using some application. 1.2 Information systems 1.2.1 E-government services Sharing information regarding services and other government sectors to the citizens. 1.2.2 Education services 1.2.2.1 Web based services: publishing learning materials such as handouts, notes, video teaching courses, free books, and online courses. 1  E.g:- www.nenasala.lk, http://www.edupub.gov.lk, NIE.lk, , , , 1.2.2.2 Learning Management system: it is an application to manage the class room activity such as attendance, lecture notes, assignments, feedback, tracking and so on. 1.2.2.3 ICT tools: Application software that facilitate to add contexts to the online course materials.  Audio editing:- audacity and GarageBand  Video editing:- adobe creative Cloud express  Image editing:- GIMP, inkscape  Web site building:- WordPress 1.2.3 Health sector 1.2.3.1 Machines  CAT - Computerized Axial Tomography Machine: create 3D digital images of body parts  MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging Machine) - create digitalized images of internal organs of the body.  ECG - Electrocardiogram Machine-used to monitor the heart beat and records the electrical impulses  Cardiac Screening Machine - displays the physiology of the heart and it displays the movements inside the heart  EEG (Electro-encephalography)- record the activities of the brain  Blood Sugar Testing Machine  Blood Pressure Measuring Machine 1.2.3.2 Telemedicine – ICT facilitate to examine and provide healthcare to a patient who is far away from the hospital. This is done by connecting the patient and specialist doctors.  trained person can provide emergency care in consultation with a specialist  monitoring patient condition using networked home monitoring system  Remote surgery  Training hospital staff by foreign resource person 1.2.4 Agriculture  Meteorological Devices assessing the weather, climatic changes, rainfall, wind direction etc  Automated Insect Control  Soil condition measuring devices  Drip irrigation - control the supply of water as per the condition  Automatic Weed remover  Seedlings plant robots  Robots for crop carvest  Preisition faring - ICT is used to control light, moisture and air inside the greenhouse  RFID tagging for animals 2   Animal health care monitoring  CCTV farm monitoring  Sensor based fish identification 1.2.5 Industries  Robotics used for production  Employees management  E-banking – ATM, online bill payment, interbank transection  Online shopping 1.2.6 Transport  monitoring the road traffic, accidents, illegal activities  inte  lligent traffic light system  automated vehicle parking system What are the drawbacks caused by ICT?  Addiction for computer games  sore eyes, back pain, headache  bad friendship via social media  Mental disorders  Publishing others personal matters  Isolate from others 3 Chapter 2: Introduction to Computer A computer is an electronic device which is capable of processing the received data, store it and produce output for the user’s requirement. Components of a computer is broadly categories in to two called hardware and software. All the physical parts are hardware. The sets of instructions which are also called computer programs installed in the computer are called Software. These software tell the hardware what to do and how to do to accomplish some tasks. The computer hardware can be seen and touched that are involved in the function of the computer. It is typically divided into four main categories: Processing Devices, Memory Devices, Input/, Output Devices, and Storage Devices. 2.1 Characteristics of a Computer  Speed  Reliability  Accuracy  Diligence  Versatility  No Feeling  Storage Limitation: No intelligent, can do only what you tell it to do. 2.2 Computer Classification  Super Computers - Used for performing complex scientific and numerical computations such as weather forecasting, fluid dynamics, nuclear simulations, theoretical astrophysics.  Mainframe Computers – able to handling and processing very large amounts of data  Minicomputers – used for laboratory purpose  Microcomputers/personal computers – mostly used for common purpose in every places to do day to day activity. It is a single user computer. 4 Generations 1. First Generation Computers 1940-1956  Vacuum Tubes, Punch Cards are used for input, process, output and storage of data  Machine language, Assembly language  High Heat Generation, Large in size, Not Portable, Consumes a lot of electricity, Expensive  ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701 2. Second Generation Computers 1956-1963  Transistors, Tape, Floppy Disk, Tape for Secondary Storage  High-level Programming language, Use of Assembly Language  Smaller in size.  Less heat Generation  Low power consumption  Comparatively faster than the first generation  Expensive  Honey  well 400  IBM 7030  CDC 1604  UNIVAC  LARC 3. Third Generation Computers (1964-1975)  Integrated Circuits (IC)  High capacity disks for secondary storage  Keyboard and mouse for data input  birth of Operating Systems (OS)  Well developed  Programming languages high level computer languages for coding  Smaller in size  Less heat Generation  Comparatively faster than the second generation  Expensive  Low power Consumption  IBM- 360$370, PDP-8, PDP-11, CDC6600 5  4. Fourth Generation Computers (1975-1989)  LSIC (Large Scale Integrated Circuits) and VLSIC (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits  Microprocessor  Palm Tops  High Capacity hard disks  Floppy disk  Optical disk  Personal computers (PC)  Faster computer networks  OS with GUI  (Graphical User Interface)  UNIX OS  Very small in size  Portable  Upgradable  IBM PC  Apple II 5. Fifth Generation Computers (1989 to present ) 3. Parts of computers 3.1 hardware components  Central processing unit (CPU) – it execute the computer program-set of instructions. The processor speed is measured in megahertz (MHz). Some examples are: Intel i7, Athlon, Celron, and Duron, Ultra Spark.  The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) ALU performs the arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations. Arithmetic operations include addition (+), subtraction (- ), multiplication (*) and division (/).  Memory – temporarily stores the instruction and data required for the processing by the CPU. There are two types of memory such as volatile and non-volatile. The data will be lost as soon as the power is turned off in volatile memory. 3.2 Input devices: it facilitate the computer to communicate with external factors by accepting data. Input devices are used to enter instructions and data into the computer. It convert the data for the computer acceptable format.  Keyboard 6   Pointing devices o Mouse o Joy stick o Trackball o Light pen o Touch screen  Digital camera  Scanner with Optical Character Recognition  Barcode reader  Magnetic Ink Character Reader  Optical Mark Recognition  Microphone  sensors 3.3 Output device A computer produce output in various forms like text, graphics, audio, and video.  Display devices - Cathode Ray Tube, Liquid Crystal Display, Light Emitting Diode, Multimedia Projector  Printers o Impact Printers - Dot Matrix Printer and Daisy Wheel. impact printer forms characters by striking a mechanism against in an ink ribbon that physically contacts the papers. Produce more noisy and less quality. o Non-Impact Printers - Laser Printers, Ink Jet Printer, Thermal printers,  Plotter  Speaker 7 3.4 Mother board and Computer Ports Ports are the interfaces through which computers communicate with external device. Different interfaces and ports have different communication speeds and bandwidths to carry data to and from the CPU  Parallel Port : transmits 8 bits data in parallel. It is commonly used to connect the printers.  Serial Port : transmits one bit of a byte at a time like a stream of bits. It is slow for long distances. A phone system is serial communication. It will connect modems, scanners, barcode readers and device control circuits.  PS/2 Port : It is one of the serial port connectors used to plug mouse and keyboards into a personal computer. 8   Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port: connect up to 127 peripheral devices such as digital camera, speaker, scanner, printer, plotter, modem, joystick, pen drive, etc.  Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) Port : connect hard-disk drives, CD- ROM drives, scanners, backup units, network adapters. Processor manufacturers  Apple, Intel and AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) Single Core - Pentium I, II, III, IV Dual Core - Dual Core/Core 2 Duo Quad Core - Core i3, i5, i7, i9 9