Basic Human Needs PDF

OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, the student should be able to: State the basic human needs list at least five physiologic needs of all people Describe relationships among the different levels of needs Relate the achievement of basic human needs to health status Discuss the...

OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, the student should be able to: State the basic human needs list at least five physiologic needs of all people Describe relationships among the different levels of needs Relate the achievement of basic human needs to health status Discuss the nurses‘ role in assessing and meeting patient/client‘s need  Outline:  Maslow's hierarchy of needs  The five levels of needs  Applying Maslow's hierarchy of needs  INTRODUCTION Humans need a number of essentials to survive. They encompass both physical and non-physical elements needed for human growth and development, as well as all those things humans are innately driven to attain. Human needs therefore can be broadly classified into two major groups: Primary needs and Secondary need. Defined Needs‘as things one must have or things required to live a satisfactory life i.e. things essential to life and quality living.. Primary needs: are physiological, such as oxygen, food, water, and sleep; as well as psychological, such as affection, security, and self-esteem. These basic needs are also called deficiency needs because if an individual does not meet them, then that person will strive to make up the deficiency and they are usually listed in hierarchical order. Secondary needs or Meta needs (growth needs): They are sometimes referred to, are additional higher needs that must be met to maintain the quality of life. They include justice, goodness, beauty, order, unity, etc. Basic needs normally take priority over growth needs. The Basic Human Needs Human needs are physiologic and psychologic conditions that an individual must meet to achieve a state of health or well-being.  Characteristics of Basic Human Needs 1. Needs are universal. 2. Needs may be met in different ways 3. Needs may be stimulated by external and internal factor 4. Priorities may be deferred 5. Needs are interrelated Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid, with the largest, most fundamental needs at the bottom, and the need for self-actualization and transcendence at the top. In other words, the idea is that individuals' most basic needs must be met before they become motivated to achieve higher-level needs. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs  I – Physiologic Needs 1. Oxygen 2. Fluids 3. Nutrition 4. Body temperature 5. Elimination 6. Physical activity 7. Rest and sleep 8. Sex  II- Safety and Security Needs 1. Physical safety 2. Psychological safety 3. The need for shelter and freedom from harm and danger  III -Love and belonging Needs 1. The need to love and be loved 2. The need to care and to be cared for. 3. The need for affection: to associate or to belong 4. The need to establish fruitful and meaningful relationships with people, institution, or organization Self-Esteem Needs 1. Self-worth 2. Self-identity 3. Self-respect 4. Body image IV- Self-Actualization Needs 1. The need to learn, create and understand or comprehend 2. The need for harmonious relationships 3. The need for beauty or aesthetics 4. The need for spiritual fulfillment Physiological needs Physiological needs are the base of the hierarchy. These needs are the biological component for human survival. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, physiological needs are factored into internal motivation. According to Maslow's theory, humans are compelled to satisfy physiological needs first to pursue higher levels of intrinsic satisfaction. To advance higher-level needs in Maslow's hierarchy, physiological needs must be met first. This means that if a person is struggling to meet their physiological needs, they are unwilling to seek safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization on their own. Physiological needs (1) Oxygen: is the most essential of all needs because all body cells require oxygen for survival.  Benefits of Oxygen:  Heightens concentration, alertness and memory  Oxygen gives you energy! 90% of our energy comes from oxygen, and only 10% from food and water  Oxygen is vital to your immune system, memory, thinking and sight  Promotes healing and counters aging  Strengthens your heart, reducing the risk of heart attacks Benefits of Oxygen  Calms your mind and stabilizes your nervous system  Speeds up the body's recovery after physical exertion  Provides a natural remedy for headaches, migraines and hangovers  Relieves temporary altitude discomfort Improves digestion and cell metabolism Benefits of Oxygen  Relieves muscle stiffness, supports athletic performance  Lessens Chronic Fatigue Syndrome  Gives you better sleep patterns Nurse evaluates patients' oxygen needs by assessing skin color, vital signs, anxiety levels, responses to activity and mental responsiveness. Physiological needs (2)Water and fluid: water is necessary to sustain life.  Function of the water: Transports nutrients and oxygen into cells Moisturizes the air in lungs Helps with metabolism Protects the vital organ Function of the water: Helps the organs to absorb nutrients better Regulates body temperature Detoxifies Protects and moisturizes the joints  The nurse can assist in these conditions by: Measuring intake and output, Checking the condition of the skin and mucus membrane. Weighing the patient daily and observing intravenous infusion of fluids.  3)Food Nutrients are necessary to maintain life, although the body can survive for several days or weeks without food. Poor nutritional habits, inability to chew or swallow nausea and vomiting, food allergies, refusal to eat and overweight pose threats to a patient's nutritional status.  The nurse helps by: 1) Feeding the patient 2) Monitoring caloric counts or maintaining alternative methods of nutrition such as tube feeding. Nutritional status is assessed with a variety of indicators, including weight, muscle mass, and laboratory investigations. Physiological needs Elimination: elimination of the body waste products is essential for lifeand comfort. The body eliminates waste in several ways.  The lungs eliminate carbon dioxide and water  The skin eliminates water and sodium  The kidneys eliminate fluids and electrolytes  The intestines discharge solid wastes and fluids. If the body inappropriately allows wastes to accumulate, many serious conditions can results. A bowel obstruction, bladder cancer, kidney diseases disrupt normal elimination. The nurse may help the patient eliminate waste by: giving medication to relieve diarrhea or constipation, an enema, urinary catheter or assisting with dialysis.  Physiological needs (4) Temperature: the body has mechanism to assist in temporary regulation of body temperature. These mechanisms include shivering and perspiration. Several factors can threaten the body's need for temperature regulation, including excess external heat or cold or a high internal fever in response to an infection. Body temperature is assessed as vital signs by the nurse.  Physiological needs (4) Physical activity: activity stimulates both the mind and body. Exercise helps maintain the body's structural integrity and health by enhancing circulation and respiration. The nurse can assist the patient to obtain needed exercise in many ways. Examples include encouraging a person to walk after surgery, teaching the patient in a cast to do exercise, providing passive range of motion or turning the immobilized person to prevent lung problems, skin breakdown (bedsores) and other complications of immobility. (4) Sleep and rest: sleep and rest are important in maintaining health. The amount of sleep that people need varies; factors such as pregnancy, age and general health have an influence. The absence of sleep is not immediately life threatening but can cause various disorders if allowed to continue. For example, sleep deprivation aggravates some forms of mental illness. The nurse can assist patient to get enough sleep and rest by providing safe, comfortable and quiet environment. Various treatments such as back rub, warm bath, warm milk and certain medication can promote sleep. Sexuality: sexuality is an integral part of each individual and may be affected by physical and emotional illnesses. The need for sex is not vital to  The Basic Human Needs II. Safety and Security: come next in priority and involve both physical and emotional components. Other examples of Safety needs are:  Emotional security  Financial security (employment social welfare)  Law and order  Freedom from fear  Social stability  Health and wellbeing (safety against accidents and injury)  Safety and Security A. Physical safety and security means protected from potential or actual harm.  Nurses roles to meet patient's physical safety needs as the following:  Using proper hand washing and sterile technique to prevent infection  Using electrical equipment properly  Administer medications knowledgably  Using skill when moving and ambulating patients  Teaching parents about household chemicals that are dangerous to children. Safety and Security b. Emotional safety and security involves trusting others and being free of fear, anxiety and apprehension. Patients entering the healthcare system often fear the unknown and may have significant emotional security needs. Nurse can help meet such needs by encouraging spiritual practices that are source of strength and support, by allowing as independent decision making as possible and by carefully explaining new and unfamiliar procedures and treatments. Love and belonging: Nurses should also feel empowered at work, knowing that their opinions and feelings are valued. They are the element of successful patient care. Nurses‘ viewpoints and professional advice on processes, policies and goals should be looked out by healthcare staff. This level of nurses‘ needs is social and involves feelings of belongingness. Belongingness refers to a nurse‘s emotional need for social relationships, affiliating, connectedness and being part of a group in a healthcare environment. Examples of belongingness needs includes: Trust Friendships Acceptance Receiving and giving affection Love and belonging: Some nursing interventions to help meet this need are as follows: Including family and friends in the care of the patient. Establishing a nurse-patient relationship based on mutual understanding and trust by demonstrating caring, encouraging communication and respecting privacy. Referring patient to specific support groups such as cancer group. Encouraging visitors, cards and telephone calls Self-Esteem: People need to feel good about themselves, and that they are worthy of the respect of others. People who are in need of health care often feel that they are no longer important and that they cannot contribute in a meaningful way. The loss of ability and independence that may come with  A nurse can ask the following questions to determine a client‘s self-esteem: Are you satisfied with your life? How do you feel about yourself ? Are you accomplishing what you want? What goals in life are important to you  Nursing interventions to promote or enhance a positive self- concept include helping a client to identify areas of strength. In addition, for clients who have an altered self-concept, nurses should establish a therapeutic relationship and assist clients to evaluate themselves and make behavioral changes to enhance their self-esteem:  Encourage clients to appraise the situation and express their feelings. Encourage clients to ask questions. Provide accurate information Explore clients‘ positive qualities and strengths. Encourage clients to express positive self-evaluation more than negative self-evaluation. Avoid criticism III-Self-actualization needs Self-actualization needs are the highest level in Maslow‘s hierarchy. This is referred to the realization of a nurse‘s potential, self- fulfilment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most a comfortable relationship with reality III-Self-actualization needs A nurse who wants to return to university that can achieve a higher degree, for example, may want to work only during the week. On the other hand, a nurse who needs to spend more time with her family may prefer to work only during the week. Nurses feel more supported and endurance that strengthens when hospitals provide a work environment that patients can trust and allows them to participate in problem solving decisions. III-Self-actualization needs Maslow lists the following qualities that indicate achievement of one's potentials:  Acceptance of self and self as they are.  Focus of interest on problems outside oneself  Ability to be objective  Feeling of happiness and affection for others  Respect for all people  Creativity as a guideline for solving problems and pursuing interests. III-Self-actualization needs To help meet patient's self-actualization needs, the nurse focuses on: the person's strength and possibilities rather than on problems. Nursing intervention is aimed at providing a sense of direction and hope and providing teaching that is aimed at maximizing potentials. Applying Maslow's Theory: Nurses can apply Maslow's hierarchy of basic needs in the assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation of patient care. The hierarchy can be used with patient at any age, in all settings where care is provided and in both health and illness. It is useful for: Applying Maslow's Theory: 1. It helps the nurse identify unmet needs as they become healthcare needs. Basic human needs are interrelated and may require nursing actions at more than one level at a given time. 2. Establishing priorities of care: show that certain needs are more basic than other needs and must be at least minimally met before other needs. Applying Maslow's Theory: 1. Understanding the relationship of basic human needs: basic human needs are interrelated and may require nursing actions at more than one level at a given time.  For example In caring for a person coming into the emergency department with a heart attack, the nurse's immediate concern is the patient's physiologic needs (oxygen, pain relief). At the same time, however, safety needs (following proper precautions with oxygen use and ensuring the person doesn't fall off the examining table) and love and belonging needs (letting a family member stay with the person, if possible) are still major consideration. Hierarchy of Needs and Nursing Interventions Self-Actualization Needs Acknowledging the accomplishments of the individual Self-Esteem Needs ♦ Promoting positive self-image after surgery ♦ Encouraging an individual‘s progress in rehabilitation Providing an opportunity for bonding with a new infant Love, Belonging Needs ♦ Allowing the client‘s family to visit while in the hospital ♦ Encouraging the family to participate in the care of the client ♦ Allowing religious leaders and friends to visit and perform religious rites Being sensitive to a client‘s particular needs as they relate to his or her role in society (e.g., financial provider ) Security and Safety Needs ♦ Checking identification of client before administering medication ♦ Taking defective equipment from a client‘s environment and reporting the defect ♦ Monitoring the client‘s safety while in the shower, ambulating in the hall, or getting in or out of bed ♦ Performing a safety check in the home environment for a child or an elderly adult Reporting abuse to the proper authority Basic Physiologic Needs ♦ Administering oxygen ♦ Assisting with feeding a client ♦ Assisting with hygiene and elimination Maintaining warmth for a newborn