Basic English Grammar PDF

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR ESL STUDENTS ESPRESSOENGLISH.NET Shayna Oliveira ESPRESSO ENGLISH | ESPRESSOENGLISH.NET Lesson List Welcome! Present Simple: Be There is / There are Present Simple: Positive Present Simple: Negative Present Simple: Questions Present Simple: Ans...

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR ESL STUDENTS ESPRESSOENGLISH.NET Shayna Oliveira ESPRESSO ENGLISH | ESPRESSOENGLISH.NET Lesson List Welcome! Present Simple: Be There is / There are Present Simple: Positive Present Simple: Negative Present Simple: Questions Present Simple: Answering Yes/No Questions Present Continuous: Positive Present Continuous: Negative Present Continuous: Questions Present Simple or Continuous? Past Simple: Be Past Simple: Regular Verbs Past Simple: Irregular Verbs Future with Going To Future with Will / Won't Will or Going to? Permission, Obligation, Prohibition Present Perfect Present Perfect or Past Simple Basic Helping Verbs Modal Helping Verbs © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Verbs + TO or -ING Direct & Indirect Objects Countable & Uncountable Nouns Forming Plurals of Nouns This, That, These, Those A, An, The Possessives Some, Any, No Prepositions: In, On, At Prepositions: Of, From, To, For Too and Enough Either and Neither Agreeing with So / Neither / Too Should / Could / Would Comparative Adjectives Superlative Adjectives Adverbs Great job! Next steps for learning © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Welcome! These lessons will help you learn essential English grammar. When you have a good strong foundation of basic grammar, then you can avoid simple mistakes and progress to higher levels of English. The topics we will cover include: The main verb tenses used in English Important words like articles, possessives, and helping verbs Adjectives and adverbs Sentence structure Try to do one lesson every day, and make sure to do the quizzes so that you can review and practice what you are learning. I hope these lessons will help make basic English grammar clear to you, so that you can understand it easily and speak English more confidently. Now go ahead and start Lesson 1! Shayna Oliveira Teacher at EspressoEnglish.net P.S. If you want to join one of my courses on speaking, vocabulary, phrasal verbs, business English, and more – you can use coupon code TENOFF to save $10! See all courses here © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Present Simple: Be Let’s learn how to use the verb BE in the present simple tense. I’ll teach you how to form sentences with it, and then show you examples of when we use this verb most frequently. Positive: I am I’m from Japan. you / we / they are you’re / we’re / they’re from Brazil. he / she / it is he’s / she’s / it’s from India. Negative: I am not I’m not married. you / we / they You’re not / You aren’t happy. are not We’re not / We aren’t They’re not / They aren’t he / she / it He isn’t / He’s not a student. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net is not She isn’t / She’s not It isn’t / It’s not Question: Am I beautiful? Are you / we / they a teacher? Is he / she / it tall? Here are 5 situations where we often use the verb BE: Name: I’m Joanna. He’s Paulo. They’re Aki and Yuta. Country / Nationality: I’m from the U.S. I’m American. My husband is from Italy. He’s Italian. She’s not Korean, she’s Vietnamese. Are they from Australia? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Age: I’m 27 years old. How old are you? She’s 15. My mother is 65 years old. Emotions: I’m sad. She’s excited. You’re angry. We’re happy. Jobs: I’m not a student. I’m a teacher. Are you a doctor? He’s a journalist. They’re artists. Now try the quiz to put this lesson into practice. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz – Present Simple: Be 1) We _________ from Canada. A. am B. isn’t C. aren’t 2) My parents _____ divorced. A. am B. are C. is 3) I___ tired. A. 'm B. 're C. 's 4) Where _____ you from? A. is B. am C. are 5) ____ your brother tall? A. Am B. Are C. Is 6) Sarah _____ married. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  A. 'm not B. 're not C. 's not 7) Bob and Tony _____ my cousins. A. am B. are C. is 8) _____ the food at this restaurant good? A. Am B. Is C. Are 9) My apartment _____ very small. A. is B. am C. are 10) Kate: "Are you thirsty?" Joe: "No, ________." A. I aren’t B. I’m not C. you’re not 11) He's _______ a good student. A. aren’t B. isn’t © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  C. not 12) You ______ beautiful. A. is B. not C. ‘re 13) How old _____ you? A. are B. is C. am 14) She ____ 29 years old. A. ‘m B. ‘re C. ‘s 15) Jennifer and I __________ students. A. am not B. aren’t C. isn’t © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Present Simple: BE 1) C - aren't 2) B - are 3) A - 'm 4) C - are 5) C - is 6) C - 's not 7) B - are 8) B - is 9) A - is 10) B - I'm not 11) C - not 12) C - 're 13) A - are 14) C - 's 15) B - aren't © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net There is / There are We use there is and there are to talk about things that exist, and where things are located. Use “there is” for one thing, and “there are” for multiple things. Let’s look at some examples: Singular Plural (+) There is a bed in the room. There are two pillows on the bed. There’s a bed in the room. (-) There isn’t a mirror in the There aren’t any windows in the bathroom. bedroom. (?) Is there a table? Are there any chairs? Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  There’s a bed in the room. There are two pillows on the bed. Is there a window? No, there isn’t. Is there a table? Yes, there is. Are there any chairs? Yes, there are. Are there any plates? No, there aren’t. Try putting it into practice by describing the things in your room: make one sentence with there is, and one sentence with there are. Make one sentence with there isn’t, and one sentence with there aren’t. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net One important note: When we have a list of multiple things in the sentence, we use “there is” when the first item in the list is singular, and “there are” when the first item in the list is plural. For example: There is a banana, an apple, and an orange in the bowl. There is a banana and two apples in the bowl. There are two apples and a banana in the bowl. There are three oranges and an apple in the bowl. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz – There is / There are Complete each sentence with There is or There are 1. __________________ a lot of trees behind my house. 2. __________________ many famous universities in that city. 3. __________________ a park, a cafe, and several supermarkets near the hotel. 4. __________________ some people playing soccer on the grass. 5. __________________ already some furniture in the apartment. 6. __________________ an interesting article in today's newspaper. 7. __________________ forks and spoons in the drawer next to the sink. 8. __________________ information about our company on the website. 9. __________________ a white car parked on the corner. 10.__________________ not enough worksheets for all the students - we need to make more copies. 11.__________________ shampoo and conditioner in the bathroom. 12.__________________ a few bus stops in our neighborhood. 13.__________________ three things you need to know before starting this job. 14.__________________ too much salt in this soup. 15.__________________ a pair of shoes next to the door. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers – There is / There are 1. There are 2. There are 3. There is 4. There are 5. There is 6. There is 7. There are 8. There is 9. There is 10.There are 11.There is 12.There are 13.There are 14.There is 15.There is © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Present Simple: Positive Use the present simple for things that happen regularly or things that are generally true. Today we’ll focus on the positive form of the present simple. I, you, we, they work he, she, it works Examples: I work in a bank. He works at the university. We work every day. My sister works at the hospital. Special Case #1 For verbs that end in consonant + –y, we remove the –y and add –ies: I study English at school. Dana studies English at school. Bill studys English at school Other verbs like this include: cry, try, fly, carry – when the subject is he, she, or it, then we remove the Y and add -ies to form the present simple of these verbs: The baby cries a lot. She often tries new types of food. The airplane flies fast. She carries the bags into the house. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Special Case #2 For verbs that end in -o, -sh, -s, -ss, -ch, -x, we add -es. They go to English class on Wednesday. She goes to cooking class on Saturday. She gos to cooking class on Saturday. Other verbs like this include: watch, kiss, teach, fix – when the subject is he, she, or it, then we add -es to form the present simple of these verbs. He watches a lot of movies. She kisses her children every morning. This book teaches you English grammar. My mechanic fixes my car. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Present Simple Positive 1) My brother _______ to college in New York. A. go B. goes C. gos 2) I ___________ to play tennis. A. like B. likes C. like’s 3) My friends ____________ to school every day. A. walk B. walks C. walkes 4) Peter _________ to the news on the radio. A. listen B. listens C. listen’s 5) Clara and Robert _____________ English at night. A. studies B. study C. studys 6) The baby __________ when he is hungry. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  A. cries B. cry C. cryes 7) Their apartment __________ very nice! A. look B. look’s C. looks 8) We _________ our house every Sunday. A. clean B. cleans C. cleanes 9) Joe ________ two big black dogs. A. has B. have C. haves 10) Susan ___________ lots of TV. A. watch B. watchs C. watches 11) I always _________ tired when I first wake up. A. feel B. feels C. feeles © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net 12) Both Clara and Marina ________ long hair. A. has B. have C. haves © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Present Simple Positive 1) B - goes 2) A - like 3) A - walk 4) B - listens 5) B - study 6) A - cries 7) C - looks 8) A - clean 9) A - has 10) C - watches 11) A - feel 12) B – have © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Present Simple: Negative Use the present simple negative for things that are not generally true. To form it, add do not (don’t) or does not (doesn’t) before the main verb. I, you, we, they don’t like he, she, it doesn't like Examples: I don't like coffee. John doesn't like pizza. John and David don't like milk. My mother doesn't like to travel. Common Errors 1) In the present simple negative, do not add -s: Martha doesn't likes to dance. Martha doesn't like to dance. 2) It’s not correct to use only the word “no” or “not” – you need “don’t” or “doesn’t”: © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  I no like vegetables. I don’t like vegetables. Pete not like bananas. Pete doesn’t like bananas. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Present Simple: Negative 1) I ____________ this movie. A. doesn’t understand B. don’t understand C. no understand 2) Jackson ______________ how to cook. A. doesn’t know B. don’t know C. not know 3) My aunt and uncle _____________ any children. A. don’t has B. don’t have C. doesn’t have 4) Martin _____________ Chinese. A. doesn’t speak B. don’t speak C. no speaks 5) We _______________ in Europe. A. doesn’t lives B. doesn’t live C. don’t live 6) My sister _________ happy. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  A. doesn’t be B. isn’t C. not 7) Carla ___________ early. A. doesn’t wake up B. don’t wake up C. doesn’t wakes up 8) Bill and Diane ___________ to the dentist often. A. isn’t go B. not go C. don’t go 9) You _________ every day. A. does studies B. don’t studies C. don’t study 10) My son ____________ TV. A. doesn’t watches B. doesn’t watch C. isn’t watch 11) They ___________ that's a good idea. A. not think B. doesn’t thinks C. don’t think © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net 12) My boyfriend and I _________; we take the bus. A. doesn’t drive B. don’t drives C. don’t drive © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Present Simple Negative 1) B - don't understand 2) A - doesn't know 3) B - don't have 4) A - doesn't speak 5) C - don't live 6) B - isn't 7) A - doesn't wake up 8) C - don't go 9) C - don't study 10) B - doesn't watch 11) C - don't think 12) C - don't drive © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Present Simple: Questions Now let’s learn how to form present simple questions. We use these to ask about things that happen regularly or ask whether something is generally true. Do I, you, we, they live in a city? Does he, she, it live in a city? Examples: Do you live in Brazil? Does Adam live in England? Do they live in a big house? Does she live near the beach? We can also add a question word before do/does: Where do you live? When does the library close? How do these machines work? What does he think? Common Errors © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net 1) In questions, never use -s in the main verb: Does she lives close to the beach? Does she live close to the beach? What does he thinks? What does he think? 2) Don’t forget DO or DOES: Where she lives? Where does she live? Why you want to quit your job? Why do you want to quit your job? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Present Simple Questions Complete each sentence with DO or DOES. 1) _________ you have any brothers and sisters? 2) _________ we watch too much TV? 3) _________ they do any exercise? 4) _________ Larissa play a musical instrument? 5) _________ he work in an office? 6) _________ your children talk on the phone a lot? 7) _________ your mother know how to use a computer? 8) _________ she have a car? 9) _________ Tom and Larry play baseball? 10) _________ she listen to classical music? 11) _________ I need to pay for the extra class? 12) _________ your friends like to swim? 13) _________ Joan watch TV at night? 14) _________ your father work on weekends? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Present Simple Questions 1) Do 2) Do 3) Do 4) Does 5) Does 6) Do 7) Does 8) Does 9) Do 10) Does 11) Do 12) Do 13) Does 14) Does © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Present Simple: Answering Yes/No Questions Let’s also learn how to answer yes/no questions in the present simple. We usually use a short answer like this: Do you like rock music? Yes, I do. / No, I don't. Don’t say: Yes, I like / No, I don’t like Here are more examples: Do I look fat in these jeans? No, you don’t! Does John speak Italian? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't. Does she like rock music? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. Do we watch too much TV? Yes, we do. / No, we don’t. Do they understand English? Yes, they do. / No, they don't. Instead of a quiz, this time the practice exercise includes some questions for you to answer using these short answers. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Exercise – Answering Yes/No Questions Write short answers that are true for you – ex. Yes, I do / No, I don’t, Yes, it does / No, it doesn’t, etc. 1. Do you like sports? 2. Do you have any brothers or sisters? 3. Do you travel a lot? 4. Does your house have a garage? 5. Does your country have a lot of crime? 6. Does your city have good public transportation? 7. Do your friends live nearby? 8. Do people in your country learn English in school? There is no answer key because the answers will be different for each person! © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Present Continuous: Positive The present continuous verb tense is used for things that are happening now, at the moment. Here’s how we form positive sentences in the present continuous: I am watching you, we, they are watching he, she, it is watching Examples: I am watching TV right now. He is studying at the moment. It is raining today. We are thinking about you. They are playing baseball. Jack and Jill are talking. It’s very common to use the short form: I'm watching TV right now. He's studying at the moment. It's raining today. We're thinking about you. They're playing baseball. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Avoid this common error: forgetting to put the verb in the -ING form. I’m listen to music. I’m listening to music. She’s take a nap. She’s taking a nap. Some verbs are never used in the present continuous, such as like, want, need, believe. I’m believing in God. I believe in God. She’s wanting a soda. She wants a soda. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Present Continuous Positive Mark each sentence correct or incorrect 1. Billy and Mark are driving to the airport at the moment. 2. Clara and Jill is reading the newspaper. 3. He's running to work because he's late. 4. I learning English in school. 5. James is listen to the radio. 6. My children are doing their homework. 7. She wearing a white T-shirt and jeans. 8. Stop opening all the packages - you're making a mess! 9. My friend are talking with the teacher. 10.I'm sitting next to my brother. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Present Continuous Positive 1) Correct 2) Incorrect (should be "are reading") 3) Correct 4) Incorrect (should be "I'm learning") 5) Incorrect (should be "is listening”) 6) Correct 7) Incorrect (should be "She's wearing") 8) Correct 9) Incorrect "should be "is talking") 10) Correct © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Present Continuous: Negative Now let’s look at negative sentences in the present continuous: I am not listening (I’m not) you, we, they are not listening (aren’t) he, she, it is not listening (isn’t) Examples: I am not working at the moment. She is not wearing a hat today. You are not listening to the teacher. Pete and Jan are not watching TV. There are two ways to use contractions here: She’s not wearing a hat today. She isn’t wearing a hat today. You’re not listening to the teacher. You aren’t listening to the teacher. Both forms are OK! © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Avoid the common error of forgetting am/is/are: I not living there anymore. I’m not living there anymore. He not doing his homework. He’s not doing his homework. We not traveling right now. We’re not traveling right now. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Present Continuous Negative Mark each sentence correct or incorrect: 1. Brian isn't eat anything because he just had lunch. 2. He no making dinner. 3. I not reading any books at the moment. 4. My team isn't playing very well in this game. 5. Paula's not wearing sunglasses. 6. They're at the party, but they're not dancing. 7. Tom and Tiffany isn't playing video games now. 8. We're not drinking wine because we have to drive home soon. 9. You're not listen to me. 10.I'm not feeling well. I think it was something I ate. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Present Continuous Negative 1. Incorrect (should be "isn't eating") 2. Incorrect (should be "He's not making" or "He isn't making") 3. Incorrect (should be "I'm not reading") 4. Correct 5. Correct 6. Correct 7. Incorrect (should be "aren't playing") 8. Correct 9. Incorrect (should be "not listening") 10.Correct © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Present Continuous: Questions Finally, we’ll learn how to form questions in the present continuous: Yes/No Questions: Am I working? Are you, we, they working? Is he, she, it working? Questions with a question word: Why am I bleeding? What are you, we, they doing? Where is he, she, it going? Examples: Are you writing a letter? Is Pedro sleeping right now? Are the children playing a game or reading a book? Is the computer working? What are you eating? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  I’m eating sushi. How is Sarah feeling? She’s feeling better today. Why is he running? Because he’s late for work. Remember, in questions, am/is/are goes BEFORE the subject: Why you are learning English? Why are you learning English? What he is doing? What is he doing? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Present Continuous Questions Mark each sentence correct or incorrect: 1. Are the children sleeping? 2. How are you feeling today? 3. How many T-shirts you are buying? 4. Is it raining now? 5. What are they try to do? 6. What magazine are you reading? 7. Which hotel he is staying at? 8. Who is she wait for? 9. Why is he leaving school early? 10.What you thinking about? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Present Continuous Questions 1. Correct 2. Correct 3. Incorrect (should be "are you buying") 4. Correct 5. Incorrect (should be "are they trying") 6. Correct 7. Incorrect (should be "is he staying") 8. Incorrect (should be "is she waiting") 9. Correct 10.Incorrect (should be "What are you") © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Present Simple or Continuous? What’s the difference between present simple (I work) and present continuous (I’m working)? This lesson will help you understand it. Use present simple for things that happen in general or regularly. Use present continuous for things happening now, at the moment, or current/temporary projects. PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS I work from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM every I’m currently working on a new day. project. Mark studies English every Tuesday Mark is studying the present night. continuous this week. We usually go to Europe in the Right now, we’re going to the summer. supermarket. They always talk to their boss in the It’s 9:00 AM. They’re talking to him morning. now. Does it usually rain in the winter? No, but it’s raining at the moment. Take an umbrella. Words that are often used with the present simple or continuous: © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  With present simple: always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every (day/night/Monday/summer/year) With present continuous: now, right now, at the moment, currently, this week/month/year, today © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Present Simple or Continuous Select the correct option: 1. They always are going / go to the gym after work. 2. He normally works / is working every weekday, but today he works / isn’t working because it's a holiday. 3. “Where are you going / do you go?” 4. "To my grandmother's house - see you later!" 5. How often are you cleaning / do you clean your house? 6. Jane is cold because she doesn’t wear / she’s not wearing a jacket. 7. My colleagues normally are eating / eat lunch in the office. 8. How many children are you having / do you have? 9. My husband is playing / plays tennis three times a week. 10.Please turn down the music; I try / I’m trying to study. 11.Watch out! Your son is running / runs into the street! 12.“What does she do / is she doing?” 13."She's baking a cake." 14.Rita doesn’t know / isn’t knowing how to ride a bike. 15.“Where's mom?” 16."She takes / She’s taking a shower." 17.Yes, I can talk now. I don’t drive / I’m not driving. 18.My cousin never gives / is giving me a birthday present. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Present Simple or Continuous? 1. go 2. works / isn't working 3. are you going 4. do you clean 5. she's not wearing 6. eat 7. do you have 8. plays 9. I'm trying 10.is running 11.is she doing 12.doesn't know 13.She's taking 14.I'm not driving 15.gives © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Past Simple: Be Now let’s learn how to make sentences with the verb BE in the simple past. Positive: I, he, she, it was born in 1982. you, we, they were born in 1982. Negative: I, he, she, it was not (wasn’t) born in Europe. you, we, they were not (weren’t) born in Europe. Yes/No Questions: Was I, he, she, it famous? Were you, we, they famous? Questions with a question word: © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net How was the movie? Where were you last night? Why was he sad yesterday? What were your favorite toys when you were a child? Common words used to talk about the past: Yesterday I was at the park yesterday. Last Sunday / last week / last month / last November / last year They were on vacation last week. 1 hour ago / 5 days ago / 3 months ago / 10 years ago She was still in school 10 years ago. When I was a child… / When we were in college… When I was a child, I was very shy. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Past Simple: Be 1) Where ________ you yesterday afternoon? A. was B. wasn't C. were D. weren't 2) Where _______ your grandfather born? A. was B. wasn't C. were D. weren't 3) Pablo Picasso ___________ a writer. He was a painter. A. was B. wasn't C. were D. weren't 4) My friends ____ at school yesterday because they were sick. A. was B. wasn't C. were D. weren't 5) "Where were you this morning? You _____ at the meeting." © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net "I _____ at the dentist's." A. weren't / was B. wasn't / was C. weren't / were D. were / was 6) Darlene is 27 years old. Ten years ago, she ________ in high school. A. was B. were C. wasn't D. weren't 7) "Did you like the movie?" "The special effects ____ great, but the story ____ very good." A. wasn't / was B. weren't / were C. was / weren't D. were / wasn't 8) Barcelona is a beautiful city! We ______ there for a conference last month. A. was B. wasn't C. were D. weren't 9) "Were your colleagues happy about the surprise party?" "David _____, but Janet and Tim _____ - they hate surprises." © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  A. were / wasn't B. was / weren't C. wasn't / were D. weren't / was 10) "Were you shy when you were a child?" "No, I ________. I talked to everyone!" A. was B. wasn't C. were D. weren't © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Past Simple: To Be 1. C - were 2. A - was 3. B - wasn't 4. D - weren't 5. A - weren't / was 6. A - was 7. D - were / wasn't 8. C - were 9. B - was / weren't 10.B - wasn't © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Past Simple: Regular Verbs Here’s how to put regular verbs in the past – in positive sentences, negative sentences, and questions: Positive: I, you, he, she, it, we, they worked yesterday Negative: I, you, he, she, it, we, they didn’t work yesterday Yes/No Questions: Did I, you, he, she, it, we, they work yesterday? Questions with a question word: Why did I, you, he, she, it, we, they decide to study English? In past simple negative and questions, do not add -ed to the main verb: Mary didn’t liked the movie. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  Mary didn’t like the movie. Did you studied for the test? Did you study for the test? We only add -ed to the main verb in past simple positive sentences: Mary liked the movie. I studied for the test. How to form the past simple for regular verbs: VERB PAST SPELLING listen listened Add -ed play played like liked Add -d decide decided stop stopped One vowel + one consonant = double the final consonant and add -ed study studied One consonant + y → try tried -ied Examples: © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  I talked with my mother last night. We enjoyed the party on Saturday. She finished the test early. He didn’t listen to the instructions. They didn’t want to join us for coffee. Jill didn’t stay in a hotel last summer. Did you watch the news yesterday? Did they remember to turn off the lights? What time did your father arrive? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Past Simple Regular Verbs Mark each past simple sentence as correct or incorrect 1. Did the teacher ask you any questions in class this morning? 2. We tryed to talk to the manager, but he was busy. 3. Did you remembered to pay the electric bill? 4. Gabi and Sandy didn't walk to the beach because it was too far. 5. How long you waited for the bus last night? 6. I did start piano lessons last week. 7. What time did the plane land? 8. My brother didn't helped me carry my books. 9. She no called me yesterday. 10.We rented an apartment on our vacation last year. 11.I didn't need to use a calculator for my math homework. 12.Were you want to be a dancer when you were a child? 13.When they arrived at the airport, they checked their bags. 14.Where did you lived when you were a child? 15.“Did you pass the test?” “No, I didn't.” © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Past Simple 1. Correct 2. Incorrect (should be "tried") 3. Incorrect (should be "Did you remember") 4. Correct 5. Incorrect (should be "How long did you wait") 6. Incorrect (should be "I started") 7. Correct 8. Incorrect (should be "didn't help") 9. Incorrect (should be "She didn't call") 10.Correct 11.Correct 12.Incorrect (should be "Did you want") 13.Correct 14.Incorrect (should be "Where did you live") 15.Correct © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Past Simple: Irregular Verbs Many verbs in English are irregular, meaning we don’t form the past simple tense by adding -ED. Instead, you need to memorize these. Here are some common irregular verbs: BASE FORM OF THE VERB POSITIVE PAST SIMPLE NEGATIVE PAST SIMPLE be was / were wasn’t / weren’t buy bought didn’t buy can could couldn’t eat ate didn’t eat get got didn’t get go went didn’t go have had didn’t have leave left didn’t leave make made didn’t make meet met didn’t meet say said didn’t say © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net see saw didn’t see take took didn’t take think thought didn’t think understand understood didn’t understand wear wore didn’t wear write wrote didn’t write The verb be changes depending on the subject: I / he / she / it was at school yesterday. You / we / they were at school yesterday. But the other verbs do not change – they are the same with all subjects: I / you / he / she / it / you / we / they ate pizza last night. Remember that the negative form is didn’t + base form of the verb, not didn’t + past form: I didn’t saw her last night. I didn’t see her last night. They didn’t went to the party. They didn’t go to the party. Examples: © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  Where were you last month? I was in France. What did your sister buy at the mall? She bought new shoes. What time did he eat breakfast today? He ate breakfast at 6:00 AM. When did you get married? We got married in July. Why did she go to London? She went to London to study English. Did you have any pets when you were a child? Yes, I had a dog. When did he leave the meeting? He left the meeting an hour before it finished. What did you make for dinner? I made some vegetable soup. When did you meet your best friend? I met my best friend 20 years ago. What did the teacher say? The teacher said that she loved our class. Did you see Brad at the football game? No, but we saw Peter and Henry. What did he wear to the wedding? He wore a suit. Did he write a new book last year? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  No, he only wrote a few magazine articles. For a lot more irregular verbs, take this lesson: https://www.espressoenglish.net/tips-for-learning-irregular-verbs-in-english/ © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Past Simple Irregular Verbs 1) Jimmy and Sean _________ a window while playing baseball inside the house. A. bought B. broke C. built 2) We _________ really late yesterday. A. sleeped B. slept C. slipt 3) Mrs. Johnson ______ us about World War II in history class. A. learned B. taught C. thought 4) My boss ________ me an important e-mail this morning. A. said B. sent C. spent 5) My favorite team _______ the championship last year. A. wan B. wore C. won © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net 6) Everyone _____ cake at Harold's birthday party on Saturday. A. ate B. eat C. eated 7) I _____ the eggs and milk in the refrigerator. A. did B. put C. went 8) We _________ tickets to the show. A. didn't get B. didn't got C. weren't get 9) I ______ understand the movie we watched in English class. A. wasn't B. didn't can C. couldn't 10) Aaron and Barbara ___________ out after work yesterday. A. didn't go B. didn't gone C. didn't went 11) I ___________ enough time to finish the project. A. didn't had B. didn't have © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  C. hadn't 12) The students ____________ their homework. A. didn't B. didn't did C. didn't do 13) When I was young, my parents _______ me drive their car. A. didn't let B. didn't letted C. weren't let 14. What ___________ at the store? A. did you buy B. you bought C. you did buy 15) When ____________ their house? A. was they sell B. did they sell C. did they sold 16) _______ your father happy when he _________ the news? A. Wasn't / did hear B. Were / hear C. Was / heard 17) How long ____________ you to read the book? A. did it take © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  B. did it told C. did it took 18) What _________ your girlfriend for her birthday last year? A. gave you B. did you give C. you gave 19) Where _________ last Saturday night at 10 PM? A. was you B. were you C. did you 20) I _______ the president at a conference in 2007. A. did meet B. met C. was met © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Past Simple Irregular Verbs 1. B - broke 2. B - slept 3. B - taught 4. B - sent 5. C - won 6. A - ate 7. B - put 8. A - didn't get 9. C - couldn't 10.A - didn't go 11.B - didn't have 12.C - didn't do 13.A - didn't let 14.A - did you buy 15.B - did they sell 16.C - Was / heard 17.A - did it take 18.B - did you give 19.B - were you 20.B - met © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Future with Going To Use going to to talk about future events, plans and predictions. She’s going to have a baby soon. Let’s learn how to form positive sentences, negative sentences, and questions. Positive: Full Form Short Form I am I’m You are You’re going to take a test tomorrow. He / she / it is He’s / She’s / It’s We are We’re They are They’re In fast spoken English, going to often sounds like gonna: © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net “We’re gonna take a test tomorrow.” Negative: Full Form Short Form 1 Short Form 2 I am not I’m not --- You are not You’re not You aren’t going to take a test He / she is not He’s / She’s not He / she isn’t tomorrow. It is not It’s not It isn’t We are not We’re not We aren’t They are not They’re not They aren’t Yes/No Questions: Am I Are you going to take a test tomorrow? Is he / she / it Are we Are they © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Questions with a question word: When am I are you going to finish the work? is he / she / it are we are they Avoid this common mistake: don’t forget “am/is/are”! I going to buy some new shoes next week. I’m going to buy some new shoes next week. She not going to watch TV. She’s not going to watch TV. They going to get married in June. They’re going to get married in June. Another common mistake is forgetting “to”: We’re going have a picnic tomorrow. We’re going to have a picnic tomorrow. He’s not going clean his room. He’s not going to clean his room. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Future with “Going to” Mark each sentence as correct or incorrect: 1. Is you going to start any new projects this year? 2. Barbara and Adrian is going to start studying English next semester. 3. I going to buy flowers for my girlfriend's birthday. 4. Laura's not going to stay in a hotel during her next vacation. 5. Is Martha going make a lot of money in her new job? 6. Marty's going to meet John for lunch at 12:30. 7. My father not going to come home until 9:00. 8. They're not going to win the game. 9. Tim and Janet are going cook dinner on Friday. 10.We're going to visit our friends in Rio de Janeiro in December. 11.What movie are you going to see tonight? 12.I'm not going to eat any dessert after dinner. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Future with "Going to" 1. Incorrect (should be "are you") 2. Incorrect (should be "are going") 3. Incorrect (should be "I'm going") 4. Correct 5. Incorrect (should be "going to make") 6. Correct 7. Incorrect (should be "father is not going") 8. Correct 9. Incorrect (should be "going to cook") 10.Correct 11.Correct 12.Correct © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Future: Will / Won’t Use will / won’t to make promises, offers, and decisions. Positive: I, you, he, she, it, we, they will be late. It’s very common to use the contraction in the positive form: I’ll be late. You’ll be late. He’ll be late. She’ll be late. It’ll be late. We’ll be late. They’ll be late. Negative: I, you, he, she, it, we, they won’t be late. Question: Will I, you, he, she, it, we, they be late? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Never use “to” with will or won’t: I’ll to make dinner. I’ll make dinner. He won’t to get the job. He won’t get the job. Will they to come back later? Will they come back later? There’s no quiz today – instead, try making your own complete sentences using “will” and “won’t”: What are some things you WILL do… tomorrow? This week? This year? What are some things you WON’T do in the future? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Will or Going to? There are two ways to talk about the future in English: will/won’t and going to. Use going to for plans and arrangements: On my next vacation, I’m going to stay in a nice hotel in Paris. Her current contract ends in December, so she’s going to look for a new job. David’s going to meet me at the airport. He said he would be there at 8:00. We’re going to get married in July. We’re already sending out invitations! They’re going to visit Amy next week. They made plans to meet up on Monday. Peter and Paul are going to share an apartment when they move to New York. Use will/won’t for promises: I’ll send you an e-mail. I won’t tell anyone your secret. He’ll pay you back tomorrow. We won’t forget your birthday. Use will for offers: I’ll buy you a drink. My secretary will help you with the paperwork. Use will for decisions made in that moment: © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  “Would you like potatoes or rice?” “I’ll have the rice.” “Which shirt do you like?” “Well, the red one is cheaper, but I prefer the color blue. I’ll take the blue one.” Use will/won’t or going to for predictions or statements about the future: My company’s going to move its headquarters overseas next year. Your wife will love those flowers – they’re beautiful! = Your wife is going to love those flowers – they’re beautiful! The economy isn’t going to improve much this year. = The economy won’t improve much this year. He won’t pass the test. He hasn’t studied at all. Use I think… will and I don’t think… will to express thoughts about the future. Don’t use I think… won’t. (it doesn’t sound natural). I think you won’t like this movie. It’s very violent. I don’t think you’ll like this movie. It’s very violent. There’s no quiz today – instead, try making your own complete sentences using “going to” for things you have already planned: What are some things you are going to do in the near future? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Permission, Obligation, Prohibition We use these words for permission and obligation. Can = It’s OK Can’t / Mustn’t = It’s not OK Have to / Need to / Must = It’s necessary / obligatory Don’t have to = It’s not necessary / obligatory Don’t need to (it’s optional) (must / mustn’t are more formal than have to / doesn’t have to) You can ride your bike here. You can’t smoke here. / You mustn’t smoke here. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  You have to / need to stop here. / You must stop here. FREE FOOD! You don’t have to / don’t need to pay for the food. Note that we never use “to” after “must/mustn’t or can/can’t.” You have to stop. You need to stop. You must stop. You must to stop. You can’t / mustn’t smoke here. You can’t / mustn’t to smoke here. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Exercise – Permission, Obligation, Prohibition For today's practice exercises, answer these questions using complete sentences: What are some things that you CAN / CAN'T do at your job/school? Ex) We can eat lunch at our desks. We can't use Facebook during work hours. What are some things that you HAVE TO / NEED TO / MUST do in your job/school/family? Ex) I need to drive the kids to school. I have to go shopping every week. What are some things that you are glad you DON'T HAVE TO do? Ex) I don't have a car, so I don't have to pay for gas. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Present Perfect The present perfect is another very common verb tense in English. It’s formed by using have/has + past participle of the verb. For example: I have been a teacher for ten years. He has lived here since he was a child. We have eaten lunch already. Don’t worry, you’ll see a lot more examples and I’ll explain exactly when to use it and how to form it. We’ll start with the verb BE (have been / has been) and then learn other verbs as well. We use the present perfect in two situations: 1) To talk about experiences in the past, when we don’t know or don’t say exactly when the experience happened. Have you been to Italy? o Yes, I’ve been there three times. Have you been to Rio de Janeiro? o No, I haven’t. I don’t like hot weather. Has Diana been to a rock concert? o Yes, many times! Has your brother been to a big sports event? o No, he hasn’t. He hates sports. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  2) To talk about an action or state that started in the past and continues to the present. How long have you been married? o I’ve been married for five years. How long has John been a teacher? o He’s been a teacher since last January. Let’s learn how to form the present perfect with the verb BE. Positive I have I’ve You have You’ve been to Paris. We have We’ve They have They’ve he has he’s been to Paris. she has she’s it has it’s Negative I have not I haven’t © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net You have not You haven’t been to Paris. We have not We haven’t They have not They haven’t he has not he hasn’t been to Paris. she has not she hasn’t it has not it hasn’t Question Auxiliary Verb Subject Have I / you / we / they been to Paris? Has he / she / it been to Paris? Now let’s look at how to form the present perfect with other verbs: Regular verbs The past participle is the same as the simple past, with -ED: Verb Past Participle Example travel traveled I’ve traveled to 15 countries in my life. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net watch watched She hasn’t watched the movie yet. pass passed We’ve passed our English test. try tried Have you tried restarting the computer? stop stopped They’ve recently stopped smoking. Irregular verbs The past participle is often different from the simple past form, and does not use - ED: Verb Simple past Past participle break broke broken buy bought bought do did done eat ate eaten get got gotten give gave given go went gone know knew known © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net leave left left make made made meet met met see saw seen take took taken tell told told Examples: I can’t find my car keys. Have you seen them? Have you saw them? No, I haven’t seen them. Sorry. We’ve written more than 100 e-mails in the past week. My cousin has met a lot of famous people in her life. Have you ever broken a bone? Yes, I have. Has she ever eaten Vietnamese food? No, she hasn’t. Have you ever thought about moving to another country? We’ve thought about it, but we haven’t told our kids. The teacher hasn’t given us any homework yet. Camilo has made a lot of mistakes in his life. Have you ever gotten lost while driving? No, I haven’t – but my mother has! © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  Kristin has never taken singing classes. To review: The present perfect is formed by have/has + past participle of the verb For regular verbs, the past participle is the same as the simple past: verb + ED (finished, cooked, traveled) For irregular verbs, the past participle is often different from the simple past and does not use -ED (gone, eaten, told) – you just need to remember these! We use the present perfect to talk about things that happened in the past at a time that’s not specifically said We use the present perfect to talk about actions that started in the past and continue to the present. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Present Perfect Mark each sentence correct or incorrect: 1. Have you ever drived a Ferrari? 2. Gary is known Darla for a long time. 3. Has he ever eaten Brazilian food? 4. She's recently wrote a book. 5. Have you heard the new song by Adele? 6. He hasn't woken up yet. 7. Help, police! That man's just stolen my wallet! 8. I haven't take the test yet. 9. I've lived in Orlando for three years. 10.Laura have sold her car. 11.No, they hasn't eaten lunch yet. 12.She's been to Berlin twice. 13.They already given me the money. 14.Has you ever met my brother? 15.I haven't read the newspaper in the past week. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Present Perfect 1. Incorrect (should be "driven") 2. Incorrect (should be "has known") 3. Correct 4. Incorrect (should be "written") 5. Correct 6. Correct 7. Correct 8. Incorrect (should be "taken") 9. Correct 10.Incorrect (should be "has sold") 11.Incorrect (should be "haven't eaten") 12.Correct 13.Incorrect (should be "They've already given") 14.Incorrect (should be "Have you met") 15.Correct © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Present Perfect or Past Simple? There are two differences between the present perfect and the past simple. Here’s the first one: Use the present perfect to talk about a general experience that happened at a non-specific time the past. Use the past simple to talk about a specific moment in the past. Let’s look at an example: “Have you seen the new Mission Impossible film?” “Yes, I have.” “When did you see it?” “I saw it last week.” Use the present perfect for “unspecified” time: I’ve seen the new Mission Impossible film. Use the past simple for “specified” time: I saw the new Mission Impossible film last week. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Here are more examples of non-specific time vs. specific time: Present perfect: I’ve been to Europe several times. Past simple: I went to Europe a few weeks ago. Present perfect: He’s eaten lunch already. Past simple: He ate lunch at 11:30. Present perfect: We’ve never bought a car. Past simple: We didn’t buy the car we saw yesterday. There’s another difference: Use the present perfect to talk about an action that started in the past and continues to the present. Use the past simple to talk about an action that started and finished in the past. Let’s look at an example: Use the present perfect for “unfinished” time: “I’ve lived in Brazil for three years.” (and I live in Brazil now) Use the past simple for “finished” time: “I lived in Brazil for three years.” (and I don’t live in Brazil now) © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Here are some more examples of this difference: He’s worked at the company since 2002. He worked at the company from 2002-2005. They’ve taken care of the kids all day. They took care of the kids this morning. She’s gone to the store (and hasn’t come back yet). She went to the store earlier today (and she came back). In today’s quiz you’ll have to choose the correct option in each sentence – present perfect or past simple. Just remember: Present perfect for “unspecified” time and “unfinished” time (continuing to the present) Past simple for “specific” time and “finished” time (ended in the past) © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Present Perfect or Past Simple? Choose the correct option to complete each sentence: 1. I didn’t see / haven’t seen you at the meeting last Monday. 2. Joel had / has had a lot of interesting jobs in his life. (Joel is still alive) 3. He knew / ‘s known his best friend since 1990. 4. Dana called / ‘s called me an hour ago. 5. I ‘ve never gone / never went skiing. 6. My parents have lived / lived in the same house for 30 years. (and they still live there) 7. Did / Have you like / liked the movie we saw yesterday? 8. The first man has walked / walked on the moon in 1969. 9. Richard didn’t meet / hasn’t met the new teacher yet. 10.They didn’t visit / haven’t visited Martha when they visited Los Angeles last summer. 11.My brother and I didn’t speak / haven’t spoken to each other since January. 12.Did / Have you ever fall / fallen asleep in class? 13.You're late. The meeting has started / started fifteen minutes ago 14.What airline did you fly / have you flown with on your last vacation? 15.Did / Has Laurie ever ridden / ride a motorcycle? 16.She had / has had her first child when she was 21. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Present Perfect or Past Simple? 1. didn't see 2. has had 3. 's known 4. called 5. 've never gone 6. have lived 7. Did / like 8. walked 9. hasn't met 10.didn't visit 11.haven't spoken 12.Have / fallen 13.started 14.did you fly 15.Has / ridden 16.had © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Basic Helping Verbs Helping verbs, also called “auxiliary verbs,” are verbs that don’t have a specific definition by themselves, but instead “help” the main verb of the sentence. A lot of students make mistakes with helping verbs in English, so here’s a complete guide to using this type of verb! We’ve already learned them in this course, so this lesson will help you review with lots of examples as well as understand the differences between do, have, and be. Helping Verb #1 – DO Use a form of the word “DO” to ask questions: Do you like ice cream? Where do they live? What time does the bank open? Does Bill have a dog? Did you go to the party? Why did she go home early yesterday? Use DO with I, you, we, and they (in the present). Use DOES with he, she, and it (in the present). Use DID for all forms in the past. When asking questions in the past with WHY, WHERE, and HOW + DID, we often shorten the word “did” in fast spoken English. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  Why’d she go home early yesterday? Where’d you buy that T-shirt? How’d he finish his homework so fast? Use DON’T, DOESN’T, and DIDN’T to form negative statements: I don’t like ice cream. They don’t live in this neighborhood. The bank doesn’t open on Saturdays. Bill doesn’t have a dog. We didn’t go to the party. She didn’t have any more work to do, so she went home. Avoid this common error: Using NO or NOT as the helping verb. I no like ice cream. I not like ice cream. I don’t like ice cream. We no go to the party. We not go to the party. We didn’t go to the party. Helping Verb #2 – BE Use a form of the word BE to make continuous tenses: Present Continuous: AM, IS, ARE + -ing form I‘m studying English. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  He‘s talking on the phone. We‘re having dinner right now. Past Continuous: WAS, WERE + -ing form He was singing in the shower. We were driving home from work. Future Continuous: WILL BE + -ing form Tomorrow morning I’ll be teaching an English class. Next month we’ll be traveling to Europe. Ted will be speaking at the conference in July. When you ask a question in the present or past continuous, the word order changes and the helping verb comes BEFORE the subject: Is he talking on the phone? o He’s talking on the phone. Were you driving home from work? o We were driving home from work. Helping Verb #3 – HAVE Use a form of the verb HAVE to make perfect tenses: Present perfect: Use HAVE (with I, you, we, they) and HAS (with he, she, it) I’ve finished my homework. She has just left the office. Bob and Karen have already spoken to me. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net In spoken English, we often shorten “he has” and “she has” to “he’s” and “she’s”: She’s (she has) just left the office. He’s (he has) borrowed my textbook. Forming questions with helping verbs Again, when you ask a question with HAVE, the word order changes and the helping verb comes BEFORE the subject: Have you finished your homework? I have finished my homework. Has she left the office? She has just left the office. Have Bob and Karen spoken to you? Bob and Karen have spoken to me. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz – Basic Helping Verbs Complete each sentence with do / does / did: 1) ____________ your friends speak English? 2) ____________ he have any children? 3) How _____________ this machine work? 4) ____________ you go anywhere last weekend? 5) What _____________ she buy at the store yesterday? 6) What kind of music ___________ you like? Complete each sentence with am / is / are / was / were / will be: 7) My teacher _____________ explaining the lesson. 8) The dogs ____________ playing in the park. 9) I can't talk right now - I ____________ busy. 10) Next week we _____________ moving to a new house. 11) The restaurant _____________ open yesterday, but it's closed today. 12) When I got home last night, my kids _____________ already asleep. Complete each sentence with have / has: 13) All the students _____________ taken the test. 14) I _______________ just heard some good news. 15) Maria _____________ joined a hiking club. 16) My father _____________ started exercising more. 17) We _____________ recently painted our house. 18) _______________ you ever been to Florida? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  19) The milk _____________ gone bad. Quiz Answers – Basic Helping Verbs 1) Do 2) Does 3) does 4) Did 5) did 6) do 7) is 8) are 9) am 10) will be 11) was 12) were 13) have 14) have 15) has 16) has 17) have 18) Have 19) Has © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Modal Helping Verbs Now let’s learn the modal helping verbs. Modal helping verbs modify the main verb by expressing necessity or possibility. USE “CAN / COULD” TO EXPRESS ABILITY / POSSIBILITY: I can swim. (I have the ability to swim) We could go to the movies tonight. (It’s possible for us to go to the movies tonight) You can’t enter the restricted area. (It’s not possible for you to enter that area) He tried to call me, but he couldn’t get through. (It wasn’t possible for him to speak to me) USE “MAY / MIGHT” TO EXPRESS “MAYBE” We might go camping this weekend, depending on the weather. (Maybe we will go camping, maybe we won’t) I may go to the gym later, if I get off from work early. (Maybe I will go, maybe I won’t) USE “SHOULD” TO EXPRESS A RECOMMENDATION / SUGGESTION If your head hurts, you should go to the doctor. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  (I suggest that you go to the doctor) He should see that movie – he’d like it. (I recommend that he see the movie) USE “MUST” TO EXPRESS NECESSITY (SOMETHING THAT IS REQUIRED) You must arrive on time for the exam, otherwise they won’t let you take it. (It is necessary to arrive on time) In spoken English, it’s much more common to use “need to” and “have to” and “got to” (informal) for requirements instead of MUST. You have to arrive on time for the exam. You need to arrive on time for the exam. You gotta (got to) arrive on time for the exam. (informal spoken English only!) USE “WILL / WON’T” TO TALK ABOUT THE FUTURE I’ll help you write the report. (I promise to help you write it) That software won’t work – it’s not compatible with the computer. (It’s certain that the software will not work) SHALL is similar to WILL, but it is typically only used in very formal English. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net USE “WOULD” TO EXPRESS A HYPOTHETICAL / IMAGINARY SITUATION If I were a millionaire, I would give away a lot of my money to charity. Dana would study English if she had more free time. In spoken English, WOULD is often shortened to ‘d. ASKING QUESTIONS WITH MODAL HELPING VERBS When you ask a question, the word order changes and the helping verb comes BEFORE the subject: I can swim. Can you swim? Could we go to a movie tonight? Yes, we could. You should see that movie. Should I see that movie? I’ll help you. Will you help me? I would give away a lot of my money. What would you do? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Exercise – Modal helping verbs Write complete sentences that are true for you: What is something you CAN do? (have the ability) Ex. I can sing very well. What is something you CAN'T do? (don't have the ability) What is something you COULD do this weekend? (a possibility) What is something you COULDN'T do in the past? (wasn't possible) What is something you MIGHT do next year? What is something a person SHOULD do in order to be successful? What is something a person SHOULDN'T do in order to be successful? What is something you MUST do often? What is something you WILL do to help someone? What is something you WON'T do tomorrow? What is something you WOULD do if you were the leader of your country? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Verbs + TO or -ING? When we have two verbs in a row, many students want to know what form the second verb should take – should we say “hope to see” or “hope seeing”? Unfortunately there is no clear rule for this – you just need to remember which verbs are followed by the infinitive (to + verb) and which verbs are followed by the -ING form. Verbs + TO Here are some common verbs in English that are followed by the TO form of the next verb: decide - She decided to study biology, not physics. help - Can you help me to carry these boxes? It’s very common to remove the word “to”: Can you help me carry these boxes? hope - We hope to hear from you soon. learn - She’s learning to swim. It’s very common to add the word “how” if you are learning a new skill: I’m learning how to cook. need - I need to go to the supermarket. We don’t have any eggs. offer - My friend offered to take me to the airport. plan - We’re planning to have a big party when our son graduates from college. pretend - He pretended to be sick so that he didn’t have to take the test. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  promise - He promised to call me back as soon as possible. try - I’m trying to read this book, but it’s too difficult. want - I want to learn English so that I can study in the U.S. would like - I’d like to travel to France someday. With all these verbs, the second verb is always in the “to” form – it doesn’t matter which form the first verb is in: I plan to go to college next year. I was planning to clean the house yesterday, but I didn’t. Everyone planned to meet up at 8:00 last night. SPECIAL CASE #1: REMEMBER / FORGET We use remember + infinitive and forget + infinitive to talk about the future, to give a reminder: Remember to bring your dictionary tomorrow! Don’t forget to pay the rent next week. We can also say we “forgot to do” something when we didn’t do it in the past: Oops – I forgot to bring my jacket, and now I’m cold. Verbs + -ING Here are some common verbs in English that are followed by -ing. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  avoid - You should avoid eating after 10 PM. You should avoid to eat after 10 PM. You should avoid eat after 10 PM. enjoy - I enjoy skiing, surfing, and playing tennis. finish - Have you finished reading the newspaper yet? can’t stand - I can’t stand going to parties where I don’t know anyone. don’t mind - I don’t mind working overtime. look forward to - I look forward to seeing you next week. practice - I need to practice speaking English more often. spend (time) - My roommate spends hours watching TV. stop - He stopped smoking ten years ago. suggest - I suggest taking some time off. Again, the second verb takes the -ING form, regardless of the first verb’s form: You should practice playing the piano if you want to get better. I’ve been practicing standing on one foot to improve my balance. The soccer player practiced taking penalty kicks. SPECIAL CASE #1: REMEMBER / FORGET We use remember + -ing and will never forget / won’t forget + -ing to talk about the past, to talk about a memory: I remember having dinner with my grandparents every Sunday when I was a child. I’ll never forget eating lobster for the first time – it was delicious! © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net SPECIAL CASE #2: START / LIKE / LOVE / HATE Start, like, love, and hate can be used with the infinitive or -ing. Both are correct! The baby started to cry. = The baby started crying. I like to run. = I like running. I hate doing laundry. (this form is probably more common) = I hate to do laundry. We love reading. = We love to read. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Verbs + TO or -ING Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verb: 1. My son decided stopping / to stop his piano lessons. 2. I promised cleaning / to clean the apartment. 3. Would you mind turning / to turn down the music a little? 4. He learned how to drive / driving when he was just 14. 5. I enjoy spending / to spend time with my family. 6. I'm really looking forward to start / starting dance classes next month. 7. Would you like to join / joining us for lunch? 8. I couldn't take any pictures because I forgot bringing / to bring my camera. 9. We need borrowing / to borrow a tent for our camping trip. 10.When are you going to finish to use / using the computer? 11.I've always avoided getting / to get into credit card debt. 12.I'd been planning asking / to ask her out to dinner, but then I found out she already has a boyfriend. 13.I can't stand driving / to drive long distances by myself. It's so boring. 14.Stop trying to call / calling him - he obviously doesn't want to talk / talking to you. 15.Let's stop to waste / wasting time and get some work done. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Verbs + TO or -ING 1. My son decided to stop his piano lessons. 2. I promised to clean the apartment. 3. Would you mind turning down the music a little? 4. He learned how to drive when he was just 14. 5. I enjoy spending time with my family. 6. I'm really looking forward to starting dance classes next month. 7. Would you like to join us for lunch? 8. I couldn't take any pictures because I forgot to bring my camera. 9. We need to borrow a tent for our camping trip. 10.When are you going to finish using the computer? 11.I've always avoided getting into credit card debt. 12.I'd been planning to ask her out to dinner, but then I found out she already has a boyfriend. 13.I can't stand driving long distances by myself. It's so boring. 14.Stop trying to call him - he obviously doesn't want to talk to you. 15.Let's stop wasting time and get some work done. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Direct & Indirect Objects Can you find the mistakes in these sentences? They are all incorrect. They don’t sound natural. “I bought yesterday a new t-shirt.” “Please finish quickly the report.” “I’ll put on the table the dishes.” What’s wrong with these sentences? Well, each sentence has a verb – bought, finish, and put – and each sentence also has a direct object. A direct object is the object that is acted upon by the verb. So, the direct object in the first sentence is, “a new t-shirt.” In the second sentence, the direct object is, “the report.” And in the third sentence, the direct object is, “the dishes.” It doesn’t sound natural when we have a word in the middle between the verb and its direct object. That’s why these sentences sound strange. Here’s the correct way to say them: “I bought a new t-shirt yesterday.” “Please finish the report quickly.” “I’ll put the dishes on the table.” So, whenever we have a verb with a direct object, keep the verb and direct object together, and don’t put any words in the middle. Now, there’s one exception and that is indirect objects. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net An indirect object is the person who receives the action, or receives the direct object. In these sentences the indirect objects are capitalized: “I gave JOHN the books.” gave = verb; John = indirect object; the books = direct object “Please send ME the report.” send = verb; me = indirect object; the report = direct object “I’ll lend YOU my car.” lend = verb; you = indirect object; my car = direct object It’s okay to have an indirect object in the middle between the verb and the direct object. Here’s one more mistake. Sometimes students say, “I gave to John the books.” “Please send to me the report.” “I’ll lend to you my car.” These sentences are also incorrect. If you want to use the word “to,” then you should put the indirect object at the end of the sentence: “I gave the books to John.” “Please send the report to me.” “I’ll lend my car to you.” These sentences are the same as when we have the indirect object in the middle: “I gave the books to John.” = “I gave John the books.” © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Both versions are correct. Let’s review. When a verb has a direct object, keep the direct object immediately after the verb: “Please finish the report quickly.” It is possible for an indirect object to come in the middle: “Please send ME the report.” The indirect object can also be at the end with “to.” “Please send the report to ME.” But you can’t put it in the middle with “to.” Don’t say, “Please send to me the report.” That’s not correct. We often put the indirect object at the end of the sentence with “to” if the indirect object is a long phrase. “Please send the report to the managing editor of the newspaper.” “The managing editor of the newspaper,” is quite a long phrase, so it’s best to put it at the end of the sentence after “to,” and not in the middle between the verb and the direct object. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz - Direct and Indirect Objects Mark these sentences correct or incorrect, and fix any mistakes with the objects. 1) He will get some gifts for Christmas. 2) I made breakfast very early. 3) I saved for you a slice of pizza. 4) I showed the pictures to my friends. 5) Let me give to you some advice. 6) My friend offered me a ride home. 7) She wants to sell makeup to you. 8) The waiter will bring to you a beer. 9) They told me an amazing story. 10) We got for you two tickets to the concert. 11) We'll carry upstairs the boxes. 12) You took without asking my camera. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers – Direct and Indirect Objects 1) Correct 2) Correct 3) Incorrect - Should be: I saved you a slice of pizza / I saved a slice of pizza for you. 4) Correct 5) Incorrect - Should be: Let me give you some advice / Let me give some advice to you. 6) Correct 7) Correct 8) Incorrect - Should be: The waiter will bring you a beer (best, most natural way) / The waiter will bring a beer to you. 9) Correct 10) Incorrect - Should be: We got you two tickets to the concert / We got two tickets to the concert for you. 11) Incorrect - Should be: We'll carry the boxes upstairs. 12) Incorrect - Should be: You took my camera without asking. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Countable and Uncountable Nouns Countable nouns are things we can count – for example, cats: My brother has a cat. My sister has two cats. My friend has three cats. Other examples of countable nouns: Things - books, tables, computers, bananas, shirts, televisions, houses. People - men, women, children, friends, uncles, teachers, bosses. Uncountable nouns are words that we can’t count, or can’t divide into separate parts: Liquids and some foods - water, butter, rice, flour, milk Ideas and concepts - love, fun, work, money, peace, safety Information - advice, information, news, knowledge Categories - music, furniture, equipment, jewelry, meat COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE dollar / dollars money song / songs music table / tables furniture bottle / bottles wine, water © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net report / reports information job / jobs work Never add -s to uncountable nouns: I need some informations about the course. I need some information about the course. Instead, you can use other words to help quantify uncountable nouns: She bought three bottles of wine and five boxes of rice. He gave me two pieces of advice: eat less and exercise more. With countable nouns, we use many, few, and a lot of: How many glasses of water do you drink every day? There are too many people in the room. I have a few questions about the lesson. I eat a lot of vegetables. With uncountable nouns, we use much, little and a lot of: How much water do you drink every day? He put too much salt in the soup. We have too little information to make a decision. She has a lot of experience in this type of work. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net We can use some, any, and no with both uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns: Can I borrow some of your books? Would you like to listen to some music? I don’t have any ideas. I don’t have any money. There are no chairs in the living room. There’s no furniture in the living room. With singular countable nouns, we use a / an. We never use these with uncountable nouns. I listened to a song. I listened to music. I listened to a music. I need a suggestion. I need advice. I need an advice. For more advanced information, take this lesson on nouns that are both countable and uncountable. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: Countable / Uncountable Nouns 1) I didn't understand the lesson, so I asked _____________. A. a lot of questions. B. many question. C. a little question. 2) __________________ think English grammar is difficult. A. A lot of person B. Many people C. Much people 3) _____ of books were delivered to the school yesterday. A. A few boxes B. Any boxes C. Some box 4) Their relationship has ___________________. They argue almost every day. A. a lot of problems B. many problem C. much problems 5) There are ________________ in the classroom. A. some desk B. so much desks C. twenty desks 6) How ______________ do you drink? A. lots of tea B. many tea C. much tea © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net 7) He has ______________ to do over the weekend. A. a lot of works B. many work C. some work 8) My father's going on _______________ next month. A. two business trips B. two business travels C. much business trips 9) I like ______________ by Lady Gaga. A. a few songs B. some musics C. many music 10. Don't go to that part of the city at night - there's __________________. A. a few violence B. a lot of violence C. many violences © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: Countable & Uncountable Nouns 1. A - a lot of questions 2. B - Many people 3. A - A few boxes 4. A - a lot of problems 5. C - twenty desks 6. C - much tea 7. C - some work 8. A - two business trips 9. A - a few songs 10.B - a lot of violence © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Forming Plurals of Nouns To form regular plural nouns, add -S: wall walls ski skis cat cats With nouns ending in -CH, -SH, -X, and -S sounds, add -ES: switch switches brush brushes box boxes address addresses Exception: When -CH is pronounced like K (stomach → stomachs) With nouns ending in -Y, the plurals end with -IES: baby babies army armies puppy puppies Nouns that end in an -F sound change to -VES in the plural form: knife knives © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net wife wives half halves self selves wolf wolves leaf leaves There are some exceptions, such as chef/chefs & roof/roofs Nouns ending in -O can be made plural with -S or -ES – it depends on the word! Here are some that always end in -ES: potato/tomato potatoes/tomatoes hero heroes torpedo torpedoes echo echoes And these always end in -S: stereo stereos memo memos solo solos zoo zoos studio studios Some nouns ending in -O can be made plural either way! ghetto ghettos ghettoes © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  mango mangos mangoes motto mottos mottoes tornado tornados tornadoes tuxedo tuxedos tuxedoes volcano volcanos volcanoes We also have some nouns that look plural because they end in -S, but they actually take a singular verb: news – The news was so depressing. (not “the news were”) gymnastics – Gymnastics is great for getting in shape. economics/mathematics – Economics is quite difficult. And these nouns are single objects, but take a plural verb: pants – These pants are too small. (not “This pants is too small”) scissors – Where are the scissors? glasses – When I last saw your glasses, they were on the table. Finally, we have some VERY irregular nouns – you just need to memorize these plural forms! man men woman women child children person people © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net tooth teeth foot feet vertebra vertebrae mouse mice goose geese And there are also a few nouns that are the same in singular and plural form: one sheep two sheep one deer two deer one fish two fish one series two series one species two species © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz – Forming Plurals of Nouns Write the plural form of each noun: 1) Do you want some fresh ___________________ (strawberry)? 2) He dated several _________________ (woman) before meeting his wife. 3) I put the spices on _______________ (shelf) in the kitchen). 4) I've been watching three great TV _______________ (series) lately. 5) Lots of ______________ (bus) leave the station every hour. 6) Many ________________ (child) love that playground. 7) Our cat has caught a lot of _______________ (mouse). 8) Please turn off all the _____________ (light) when you leave. 9) The dentist will check your _________________ (tooth) 10) The police haven't caught the _________________ (thief) yet. 11) The students' ______________ (family) came to the graduation. 12) There are lots of ______________ (fish) in the lake. 13) There are only a few _____________ (house) on our street. 14) They visited several ______________ (church) on the tour. 15) Those soldiers were ______________ (hero) in battle. 16) Three ____________ (car) got into an accident. 17) We added ________________ (potato) to the stew. 18) We need to wash the _____________ (dish) after dinner. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers – Forming Plurals of Nouns 1) strawberries 2) women 3) shelves 4) series 5) buses 6) children 7) mice 8) lights 9) teeth 10) thieves 11) families 12) fish 13) houses 14) churches 15) heroes 16) cars 17) potatoes 18) dishes © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net This, That, These, Those This 1 thing – near That 1 thing – far These 2+ things – near Those 2+ things – far This apple is green. That apple is red. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  These books are new. Those books are old. We can also use this/that/these/those before a number, when the noun was recently mentioned or is understood from the context: I need to read all the books, starting with this one. (= this book) What delicious-looking cakes! I’ll take that one. (= that cake) Most of these plates are clean, but these two are dirty. (= these two plates) Do you like any of the paintings? I like those three. (= those three paintings) In a similar way, we can also use this/that/these/those by themselves – again, when what we are referring to is understood from the context. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  Thank you so much for your help. I’ll never forget this. (= this situation, this help you gave me) I heard the English school is closing permanently! Hmm, I don’t know anything about that. (= that situation) (Waiter brings a plate of French fries to the table) I didn’t order these. (= these French fries) (Pointing to some flowers) Wow, look at those! (= those flowers) There’s no quiz today – instead, look around and try to make sentences using this/that/these/those about objects that are near or far from you, for example: This computer is very fast. That dog is really cute. These are my favorite sunglasses. I might get one of those muffins. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Articles: A, An, The We use a/an to talk about one non-specific thing. We use the to talk about a specific thing. I’m going to eat an apple. I’m going to eat the green apple. Here are more examples: a / an general I want to buy a car. (one of many) He’s eating an apple. Do you have a bike? © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  She is an old woman. I’m reading a book. the specific Tokyo is the capital of Japan. (one specific) The new Chinese restaurant is very good. We like the blue car. The girl in the red dress is beautiful. I’m reading the new book by J.K. Rowling. Use “an” if the word starts with the sound of a, e, i, o, u: an apple an egg an ice cream shop an open door an umbrella an hour (the “h” is silent) Use “a” if the word starts with any other sound: a ball a jacket a hat © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  a tree a uniform (the “u” is pronounced like “yu”) a water bottle a yellow shirt Do not use “the” with countries or cities: I live in the China. I live in China. There are a few exceptions: the United States, the United Kingdom, the Philippines Do not use “the” with things in general: She likes the pizza. She likes pizza. She likes the pizza from Tony’s Restaurant. (specific) For more advanced information, take this lesson on Common Mistakes with A / AN / THE. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz: A, An, The Complete the sentences with A, AN, THE, or --- if no article is needed. 1) Leonardo is ______ actor. A. a B. an C. the D. ---- 2) Jim plays _____ basketball after school. A. a B. an C. the D. --- 3) My new office has ______ window. A. a B. an C. the D. --- 4) There's ______ problem with the equipment. A. a B. an C. the © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  D. --- 5) ______ only light in the classroom isn't working. A. a B. an C. the D. --- 6) He has _____ interesting job. A. a B. an C. the D. --- 7) We've been to _____ France three times. A. a B. an C. the D. --- 8) _____ light blue jeans I bought yesterday are too small. A. A B. An C. The D. --- 9) Martha hates _____ vegetables. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  A. a B. an C. the D. --- 10) My friend said it was _____ best movie of the year. A. a B. an C. the D. --- 11) I have _____ idea! A. a B. an C. the D. --- 12) Bob has _____ great idea for a new product. A. a B. an C. the D. --- 13) I have _____ uncle who lives in Florida. A. a B. an © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  C. the D. --- 14) Sally is _____ tallest girl in the class. A. a B. an C. the D. --- 15) They're going to see ______ show at _____ theater on Main Street. A. a / --- B. the / a C. a / the D. the / --- © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz Answers: A, An, The 1. B - an 2. D 3. A - a 4. A - a 5. C - the 6. B - an 7. D 8. C - the 9. D 10.C - the 11.B - an 12.A - a 13.B - an 14.C - the 15.C - a/the © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Possessives Possessives are words like my, your, his, her, and our. We use these to show what belongs to a person. Let’s look at some examples: NOUN OR POSSESSIVE EXAMPLE PRONOUN I my My name is Sandra. you your What’s your name? he his His name is John. she her Her computer is fast. it its My car is old, so its engine isn’t powerful. we our Our apartment is in the city center. they their My parents sold their house. To form possessives with names and words, we add ‘s. Mary Mary’s Mary’s phone number is 555-4321. Joe Joe’s Joe’s favorite color is green. the boy the boy’s The boy’s clothes are dirty. cat cat’s My cat’s name is Ginger. country country’s My country’s flag is red, white, and blue. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net To form a possessive with a plural, we just add an apostrophe. The pronunciation doesn’t change: friends friends’ My friends’ names are Patrick and Gloria. parents parents’ Her parents’ car is very big. Don’t confuse its (possessive) with it’s (contraction for “it is”)! The cat ate it’s food. The cat ate its food. Its illegal for a 17-year-old to buy alcohol. It’s illegal for a 17-year-old to buy alcohol. Another important thing is that when the possessive occurs immediately before the noun, we use my/your/his/her/our/their. If the possessive occurs after the noun + to be, then we use mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs: This is my umbrella. This umbrella is mine. Here’s your drink. This drink is yours. I went to his house. This house is his. That’s her cat. That cat is hers. There’s our car. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net  That car is ours. Those are their children. Those children are theirs. The possessive its can only be used before the noun, not after it. The dog wants its bone. Here’s my dog. That bone is its. That bone belongs to my dog. That’s my dog’s bone. © Shayna Oliveira 2012 – EspressoEnglish.net Quiz – Possessives 1) Dan and Benny