Band-of-Frequency-Limitations-of-a-Comm-System.pdf
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Radio Frequency Bands Source: J.Jayastree (132242601007) M.Tech(COS) The Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency Band Is a specific range of frequencies in the radio frequency (RF) spectrum. Radio frequency (RF) is a rate of oscillation in the range of aroun...
Radio Frequency Bands Source: J.Jayastree (132242601007) M.Tech(COS) The Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency Band Is a specific range of frequencies in the radio frequency (RF) spectrum. Radio frequency (RF) is a rate of oscillation in the range of around 3kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds to the frequency of radio waves and the alternating current which carry signals. Very Low Frequency ranges from 3 KHz to 30 KHz. Wavelength ranges from 10 to 100 km. Low Frequency ranges from 30KHz – 300 KHz. also known as kilometer band or kilometer wave. Medium Frequency (MF) ranges from 300KHz to 3MHz it follows ground wave and sky wave propagation High Frequency (HF) ranges from 3MHz to 30MHz. Wavelength ranges from 1 to 10decameters. Very High Frequency (VHF) Very High Frequency ranges from 30MHz to 300MHz. Wavelength ranges from 1 to 10 meters. Ultra High Frequency (UHF) ranges from 300MHz and 3GHz. Also known as decimeter band or decimeter wave. Super High Frequency (SHF) ranges from 3GHz to 30GHz. also known as centimeter band or centimeter wave. Wavelength ranges from 1 to 10cms. Extremely High Frequency (EHF) ranges from 30 to 300GHz. also known as millimeter band or millimeter wave Wavelength ranges from 10 to 100mm. Frequency Bands Frequency Bands Limitations of a Communication System BANDWIDTH - a range of frequencies within a given band, in particular that used for transmitting a signal. for AM System --- 30kHz for FM System --- 200 kHz for TV System --- 6MHz ELECTRICAL NOISE A. External Noise a. Man-made – noise from external sources such as powerlines and ignition systems. b. Atmospheric - radio noise caused by natural atmospheric processes. c. Solar Noise - noise that originates from the Sun. Under normal conditions there is constant radiation from the Sun due to its high temperature. Electrical disturbances such as corona discharges, as well as sunspots can produce additional noise. d. Cosmic Noise - is experienced at frequencies above about 15 MHz when highly directional antennas are pointed toward the sun or to certain other regions of the sky such as the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. B. Internal Noise a. Thermal Noise – Due to random motion of electrons. – It is found everywhere (resistors, speakers, microphones, antennas. – It is directly proportional to absolute temperature. – Also called Johnsons Noise or White noise - frequency independent up to 1013 Hz. Thermal Noise Modeling The noise power is represented by the rms value: According to J. B. Johnson, b. Shot Noise - is due to the random arrivals of electrons at the potential barrier of forward biased P/N junctions. - It is always associated the a dc current flow in diodes and BJTs. Shot Noise Modeling The noise amplitude is represented by the rms value: in = 2qI D f −19 where q = 1.6 10 C Sample Problem Determine the noise power and noise voltage generated by 3-1kohm resistors in (a) series (b) parallel operating at 100Mhz bandwidth and a temperature of 27 OC (c) at the same bandwidth, determine the shot noise produced by a diode with a dynamic resistance of 26Ω.
