Development of Science and Technology in the Philippines PDF

GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES Development of Science History of the Philippine and Technology in Stone Age the Philippines...

GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES Development of Science History of the Philippine and Technology in Stone Age the Philippines Iron Age Pre-Spanish Period Early Religion Overview Astronomy In the past, science and technology developed separately, with the latter being largely a product of trial and Government and error in response to a particular human need. Wherein Classes science is embedded in the way of life of the Filipino people. Scientific knowledge is observed in the way they plant their Livelihood crops that provide them food, in taking care of animals to help them in their daily tasks, and for food productions. Number System Science is observed in the way they interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and Language and climates, and in organizing days into months and years. They use science in preparing the soil for agricultural purposes Writing System and like any other ancient cultures, they discovered the medicinal uses. On the other hand, technology is used by Medicine people in building houses, irrigation99 and in developing tools that they can use in everyday life. They developed tools Spanish Colonial Period for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing; for fighting their enemies during war or tribal conflicts; and for transportation, both on land and on waterways. (Lawas,2018). In modern times, however, the progresses of science and technology have become intimately linked together. Many scientific discoveries have been facilitated by the development of new technology. New scientific knowledge in turn has often led to further refinement of existing technology or the invention of entirely new ones (Caoili, 2019). Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Examine the history of science and technology in the Philippines. 2. Interpret and analyze the interdependent effects of geography, colonial trade, economic and educational policies and socio-cultural factors in shaping the evolution of present Philippine science and technology. 3. Translate Baybayin words to our present Filipino language For SLSU use only 1 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES The Philippines old age. They used these tools as knives and scrapers. Flake tools are stone implements It is an island country of Southeast made by ancient man during the Paleolithic Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. It is an Age until the Early archipelago covering Metal Age. The stone the range of 7,100 tool is produced by islands. striking the core of a stone with a stone The Philippines hammer (direct derives its name from percussion) or by using Phillip II, king of Spain a stone hammer with in the 16th century Stone Flake bone or wood as an during the Spanish (45,00-6,000 BC) https://www.nationalmus intermediate object colonization of the eum.gov.ph/nationalmuse umbeta/Collections/Arch between the hammer islands. Since it was aeo/Flake.html and the potential stone 333 years under tool (indirect percussion). By means of Spanish rule and for indirect percussion, the toolmaker can Philippine Map another 48 years under control the size and the shape of each chip. https://www.google.com/u rl?sa=i&url=httpssdcdv%3 US tutelage, the A flake can also be made by using pressure. A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.c om%2Fpin%2F698198748 Philippines has many The toolmaker pushes or pries small flakes 455619973%2F&psig=AOv Vaw1YuCBYNFzJ3mdJ6eKq cultural affinities with from the surface of the stone tool using a the west. piece of wood or bone. This method results Philippines have few written in precise flaking and the creation of fine, information with regards to the society , sharp-edged tools. Flake tools fashioned by culture, and technology on the past before ancient Filipinos were used as knives, the Spanish has arrived. They relied on scrapers and other implements. archaeological9 findings to trace the beginning of how the Filipinos lived with Many of the flake tools recovered in the use of Science and Technology. Tabon Caves, Palawan were made from chert, a hard stone commonly found in the Stone Age nearby riverbeds of Quezon, Palawan. Flake tools used during the Paleolithic Age dated THE OLD STONE 16,000-8,000 B.C. were found in Laurente AGE Cave in Penablanca, Cagayan. “ PALEOLITHIC PERIOD” THE NEW Came from the STONE AGE Greek word “NEOLITHIC “Paleos” means old PERIOD Paleolithic People and “Lithos” means People in this https://www.shorthistory.org /prehistory/palaeolithic-old- stone. period learned stone-age/ Humans in this period the farming skills are primitive and nomadic. In 48,000 B.C Neolithic People and they learned https://allthatsinteresting.com/neoli they came over land across narrow thic-diet how to stay in one channels to live in Batangas and Palawan. place and build simple dwellings. Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and Prehistoric man used ground Cagayan. and polished stone tools. A stone adze shaped like an upper front incis or can Early man-fashioned implements be found where lightning hit a tree. for survival from stones were found in the riverbeds. Flake tools and cobble were the earliest implements they made during the For SLSU use only 2 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES Today, these stone "Copper-Bronze Age" in the archipelago, implements are a development which occurred in many associated with areas of the world. The transition, as thunder and lightning. shown by recent excavation, was from Locally they are stone tools to iron tools. called ngipe’t duldug (thunder tooth), The earliest tango han linti use of metal in (lightning tooth), and the Philippines Stone and Shell Adzes (2680 BC) https://www.nationalmuseum dila latik (lightning was the use of.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/ Collections/Archaeo/Adze.ht ml tongue). copper for ornamentation, During the Early Neolithic are not tools. period, the polished stone adzes that Iron Age Tools https://highlandlakesbodytalk.com/p Even when are oval in cross-section: made and hotography/iron-age-tools.html copper and used. Ground stone tools typical of the bronze tools became common, they “Quadrangular Adze Culture” on the were often used side by side with stone other hand, found on the late Neolithic tools. Metal only became the dominant jar burial site. They are used for material for tools late in this era, woodworking. These are small, ground leading to a new phase in cultural and polished adzes of fine-grained development. Bronze tools from the stones, which are rectangular or Philippines' early metal age, have been trapezoid in cross-section. encountered in various sites, but they The stone adzes found in Arku were not widespread. This has been Cave, in enablanca, Cagayan; Duyung attributed to the lack of a local source of Cave in Palawan; Dimolit, Isabela; and tin, which when Candaba, Pampanga. In 3,000 B.C they combined with produce adzes ornaments of seashells copper produces and pottery for 2 years. Until the bronze. Between competition arrived with the Chinese the Stone Age porcelain. and the Iron Age, Tools for farming the discovery of https://highlandlakesbodytalk.com/ photography/iron-age-tools-tools- how to make Iron Age farming.html bronze from copper and tin revolutionized tool and In this weapon making. Advances in period, early agriculture allowed settlements to Filipinos support workers such as miners and learned to blacksmiths, who recovered the ore and make tools and forged, smelted, cast and burnished The Period of Copper, Gold, Bronze implements bronze goods. Metal objects made of and Iron (500- 200 BC) https://www.history.com/topics/pre- copper, gold, bronze were used as domestic tools and history/iron-age bronze and late for war. The only military advantage on iron. They are engage in extraction more powerful than bronze weapons smelting and refining ores. The was an army outfitted with bronze, introduction of metal into the riding into battle on horseback. This Philippines and the resulting changes lack has led most anthropologists to did not follow the typical pattern. conclude that bronze items were Robert Fox notes, "There is, for example, imported and that those bronze no real evidence of a "Bronze Age" or For SLSU use only 3 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES smelting sites, which have been found Indonesians were more advanced than in the Philippines, in Palawan, were for Negritos. They lived in permanent homes re-smelting and remolding. Later on, and used fire to cook their food. They were Filipinos were weaving cotton, made tall, white and straight hair group and with little technical know-how-build bancas, tools for farming like ploughs and boat built houses from light materials. for trading purposes. Malays. The most advance Pre - Spanish Period civilization among the Long before the arrival of the three. They Spaniards, ancient Filipinos were living in came scattered barangays and ruled by different around 200 chieftains. Although, they were living BC from separately, they were similar in many ways, Borneo their religion, mode of dressing, houses, through Malay system of government and marriage their water https://www.slideshare.net/beautifulcomet/philip pine-history-and-pre-spanish-era practices and economic activities, in short, transportation called Balangay. They were they were refined and civilized; they medium in height, brown-skinned with possessed a distinct culture that distinguish dark eyes, flat nose and straight black hair. them from other race. They drove Indonesians to the forest and lived in the lowlands. They are civilized The First Settlers in the Philippines than Indonesians and lived in larger Aetas or Negritos. The first villages, had government, writing, music, settlers who arrived in the country arts and Sciences. Malays lived by according to H. Otley Beyer between agriculture, fishing, mining and trading. 12,000 to 15,000 years ago. They were Early Religion darkened skins, small, curly hair, The early Filipinos attributed to thick lips and flat Bathala the creation of the heavens, Earth, nose. They came and man and were across land considered as their bridges from supreme God. There mainland Asia were lesser gods about 25,000 and goddesses, like Negritos. https://3.bp.blogspot.com/_GwteOgks years ago. They for death, harvest, iFI/TQEGL05WQOI/AAAAAAAAA3k/l wandered in nature gods, and mKUO7QY4aY/s1600/11a- Negritos.jpg forest and lived by Offering to god http://1.bp.blogspot.com/- the likes of hunting, fishing and gathering wild plants MuHyot288jc/T0g5iWKgz4I/A paganism. It was and fruits. They used bow and arrow for also believed that hunting. things found in nature were full of spirits more powerful than man. Indonesians. (Second Aborigines / Inhabitant The pre-Spanish Filipinos also s). They revered idols, called anitos in Tagalog and were the diwata in Visayan. These seem to be the first counterparts of the present saints, to whom Immigrant Filipinos offer prayers and food, much like s to come their ancestors did. by the sea Indonesia Pre Colonial History to the https://www.indonesia- investments.com/upload/images/Islam-traders- The ancient Filipinos believed in Philippine Indonesia-Investments-I.jpg the immortality of the soul and in life after s. They came about 5,000 years ago and death. Disease or illness was attributed to sailed in boats from South Asia. the whims of the environmental spirits and For SLSU use only 4 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES the soul-spirits of the dead relatives. Spirits display the of dead relatives were also revered. shifting of one Sacrifices were offered to all of them. month to another. Some Islam came to the Philippines as of these early as the 13th century through the trade phases with routes. An Arab, Karimul Makhdum, their native reverently called Sharif Awliya, arrived and names Moon Phases https://i.pinimg.com/originals/54/01/3 converted a large includes: 4/5401345e1db4bf12b3be3900589207 number of Gimata - when the moon seems to open its inhabitants to eyes; Katin for the third quarter; Islam. Makhdum Malasumbang –the new moon phase. They was responsible also used “Arao” (Araw) which comes from Islam for the founding of the native name for “sun” and “Gab-I” (Gabi) http://4.bp.blogspot.com/- GecNvfRRsXI/T0hBfOtRKXI/AAAAAAAAAB the first mosque in stands for night. Y/CjIXIz_pQ2g/s1600/mahkdum+(1).JPG the Philippines which can be found at Tubig-Indangan on Simul Island. In 1390, Rajah Baguinda Government and Social Classes arrived and continued the works of The Barangay is the basic unit of Makhdum. The settlements of Muslim the government. It may compose of about Filipinos are called the Bangsamoro region, 30-100 families. Every barangay is derived from the old Malay word bangsa, autonomous, and is ruled be either a Datu, meaning nation or people and Moro. Rajah , King or Lakan. The name barangay is originated from Balangay, a malay word It is fortunate that Spain came for sailboat. Ancient settlements were before Mohammedan religious and political kinship-based and most were found along ideas had become imbedded in the people; coasts or rivers. Inland settlement were otherwise the political conquest and found at the mouth of rivers and lake. The Christianization of the Filipinos would not society encourages the marriage of have been an easy task, and the equal status in the society. But it does democratization of the country would be a far more difficult undertaking. (Kalaw, Maximo not discourage marriages of different M.,1891). class. A datu may be married to a slave. Astronomy Divorce is allowed in some parts of the country due to domestic violence, barren or Natives acknowledged impotence astronomical phenomena, even before the There laws may be written or not. Spaniards came. There are interesting ways Unwritten laws are spoken laws that is early Filipinos allowed astronomy to play a passed by of course the word of mouth, and part in their lives from farming and hunting may be passed trough generations. On the to fishing and seafaring. Different cultures other hand, written laws are made by the turned to the planets and celestial bodies Datu together with the council of the elders for guidance and luck in other areas of their as his advisers and are proclaimed by the lives. umalohokan. Pre-colonial Filipinos has no clocks Datu. The to show the hours or minute. However, chieftain of the they still had units and measurable changes Barangay somewhat that helped them label or name each period synonymous to a of events known as “taon”. Another unit of Monarch, Rajah, Sultan, time used is “buan”, which again does not or King. The leader and entirely meant “months” but rather defines Datu wealthiest person in waxing and waning of the moon. The http://1.bp.blogspot.com/- 7xDv2TtL5Ro/T0hJh0Y6K the community. It is phases of moon act as “time markers” that mI/AAAAAAAAAB4/a9OFo unknown if the Datu For SLSU use only 5 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES position was hereditary such as following Pre-Hispanic Fashion and Cultural the lineage of the eldest child especially the Traditions eldest son of the Datu, or if the Maginoo class (who were likely all related to one Early Filipinos especially the another) elected a Datu. Negritos and in the Visayan islands are fond of tattooing, hence the Freemen. Freemen or origin of Pintados. To them, Timawa or Maharlika they are a symbol of in Tagalog. They are bravery and are displayed the commoners; they as war medals. The more can own their own tattoos and impressive land and don’t have to design one has, the more A Visayan Freemen pay regular tribute. achievements one made. Pintados http://4.bp.blogspot.co https://i.pinimg.com/474x/ The freeman class Even women from these m/UwP45YVwI2Q/T0g 5wh2ytQI/AAAAAAAA 45/3f/66/453f66ff9de656b 78b223ab16f7403df.jpg known as the Timawa parts of the archipelago BA/x6wyYJLTFw/s200 /pintados.gif probably made up the wore tattoos to enhance bulk of the barangay community. They their beauty. were free. They could acquire property, any job they want, pick their own wives, and Before the Spanish colonization, acquire an Alipin. weaving and jewelry making were already a part of the Filipino culture. They are fond ` Maharlika. The Tagalog maharlika of making intricate designs using piña and rendered military service to the datu at his abaca. Ornaments are also worn both by own expense and men and women which are mostly made shared with his from peals, precious metals and gold. The leader the spoils attires that our ancestors wore are also of war. They significant to the social class they belong to. generally have the For instance, a headgear called putong, same rights and depending on the color, can show the Maharlika responsibilities as http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UOUkZSASc- I/T0hTcVb6sgI/AAAAAAAAACA/pTGHRg manliness of a man as well as the jacket he a timawa. This hcHCM/s1600/town.jpg wears which are short-sleeved and class disappeared sometime in the 1630’s collarless, called when the Spaniards were able to unite “kangan” for diverse kinship groups (Rodriguez, 1998). example, red for the chief, and blue Slaves. These were captives of war, or black for those Dress those unable to pay their debts, all below him. The https://image.slidesharecdn.com/labadre port-140913101828-phpapp01/95/art- illegitimate children; those purchased, and lower part is called prespanish-4-638.jpg?cb=1410603717 punished criminals. a bahag, which is a strip of cloth worn In the Visayas, an wrapped around the waist and passing alipin was called between the thighs leaving the legs and oripun. They are thighs bare. The women also wore two divided into two pieced garments-baro or camisa for the types: Aliping upper part and saya or patadyong as the Namamahay - had his skirt. They did not wear footwear but Alipin https://upload.wikimedia.or own family, little adorned themselves with jewels and g/wikipedia/commons/thu mb/1/1a/Naturales_1.png/2 house and lot, and ornaments. 20px-Naturales_1.png served the master during planting and harvesting season or in Also part of native tradition was the construction of houses. Aliping Sagigilid indigenous music and dances. The musical - those who are living with the master, had instruments were made of bronze, wood no property, and could not marry without and bamboo. Ancient songs were sung with the master’s consent. The sagigilid,; various emotions with themes like love, however, could buy his freedom in gold. war, labor, religion and death. Ethnic For SLSU use only 6 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES dances also are a part the most of every tribe and sophisticated reflections of their products of sentiments and engineering by Pre- beliefs in the spirits, Spanish era. The http://4.bp.blogspot.com/bt322H2 courtship, healing ut4g/T0hIXPVRLFI/AAAAAAAAAB natives based their w/305j0hx8PGs/s200/gong.jpg and thanksgiving. faith on abundance of (Manalili, 2004) harvest. Ifugao Rice Terraces, acclaimed by poets as the “Eight Livelihood Wonder of the world” built more https://cdn.theculturetrip.com/wp- Banaue Rice Terraces Agriculture. It was the main than 2,000 years ago tock_634025597.jpg content/uploads/2018/02/shutters industry and source of livelihood in the by hardly Ifugaos, Philippines during the Pre-Spanish period. using only their bare hands and crude Rice, coconut, sugarcane, hemp, bananas stone tools along the massive slopes of the and other types of fruits and vegetables mountains. were abundantly grown during that time. In addition, Filipinos planted and harvested Hunting. It was also rice even before the use of plow and one of the means of carabao and they knew how of irrigate livelihood during the their rice fields to ensure bountiful harvest. Pre-Spanish era. Men There were two methods of farming used bows and namely: the kaingin method and the wet arrows to haunt method. Hunting https://www.oocities.org/collegepar animals. Dogs to k/pool/1644/negritos.jpg chase the deer Kaingin method is an activity that accompanied them. Moreover, after they is done by cutting catch the deer, they divided it among and burning the themselves. dead plants and grasses. Filipinos Boat making. performed rituals It is an before cutting or activity burning and after Kaingin Method wherein they https://abreniandotcom.files.wordpre burning, the soil ss.com/2013/11/kaingin_farming.jpg made boats was cleared Boat making out of wood. thoroughly. https://image.slidesharecdn.com/earlylifeoffilipino s-160110134900/95/early-life-of-filipinos-14- A boat made 638.jpg?cb=1452433806 for 50 to 100 Wet method is planting in areas people is called birey while a boat made for where dikes were built to collect water. In more than 100 people is called biroco. this method, seeds are sown in small seedbeds; Trading. Trade among the early the seedlings are then Filipinos and with traders from the transplanted one by one neighboring islands was conducted through to prepared paddy barter which fields. While the plants means are maturing, they must exchanging of be keep irrigated, but as goods without the rice ripens the fields involving money. Wet Method are drain. The rice is Trade was https://watchadoin123.wee bly.com/uploads/1/2/6/5/1 2656885/1068656.jpg?263 then harvested and regularly done threshed by hands. during Tabu, the Trading days in a week http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RqDG3bnzMKw/T0g- jDrrXyI/AAAAAAAAABQ/vjQh2krNw0k/s200/tr Filipino’s are already engaged in when buyers ading_port.jpg farming. Banaue Rice Terraces are among and sellers met to exchange local and For SLSU use only 7 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES foreign goods in one designated place in observation, imitation, and practice. There the community. The inconvenience of was really, no formal education. Some barter later led to the use of some objects communities utilized a writing system as medium of exchange. Mining was known as baybayin, whose use was wide comparatively developed before the and varied, though there are other coming of the Spaniards. The ancients syllabaries used throughout the mined gold in many parts of the archipelago. archipelago and were traded throughout the country and with other countries. Number System. One interesting feature of the old Tagalog counting system Gold which was plentiful in many – though not a unique feature – was its parts of the islands, invariably found its extensive vocabulary. There were words way into these for orders of numbers that are only vaguely objects that remembered now, some of which have no included the equivalent in English or Spanish. Aside piloncitos. Coin from the familiar pu (ten), daan (hundred) specialists have and libo (thousand), there was also laksâ, found the meaning ten thousand, and yutà for Piloncitos earliest Filipino hundred thousand. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped ia/commons/e/e9/Manila_Mint_Muse coin, which was um%2C_PI_Piloncitos.jpg “a small gold piece no larger than a pea, shaped like a rounded cone, with a character stamped in relief at the base,” and called it ‘piloncito.’ They called it such because the gold bits looked the same as the sugar receptacle called ‘pilon.’ Further proof that the gold bits were indeed the coins used by early Filipinos surfaced when the largest ‘piloncito’ was found to weigh 2.65 grams, which is equivalent to one ‘mas,’ the standard weight of gold that was used across Southeast Asia. Orders of Magnitude https://www.pilipino-express.com Education Pinpin (who wrote the book) only During the pre-colonial period, most used the term sangpouóng yutà or, “ten children were provided with solely hundred-thousands,” to express the vocational training, which was supervised number one million but the 1860 edition of by parents, tribal tutors or those assigned the 1754 Noceda and Sanlucar dictionary for specific, specialized roles within their shows two words for this number – angaw- communities such as the Babaylan. The angaw and gatós. The first word, angaw, is purpose of education back then is for still in modern dictionaries meaning survival. Males back then are the ones who “million” but with an added sense that it do the hunting of animals, fishing, and also refers to any large, unknown or agriculture. uncountable number. In most communities, stories, songs, Gatós is found, in one form or poetry, dances, medicinal practices and another, in many Philippine languages and advice regarding all sorts of community life related tongues throughout Southeast Asia issues were passed from generation to and Polynesia, but it usually means generation mostly through oral tradition. In “hundred.” Apparently, only addition, it was passed through Tagalog/Filipino uses daan for “hundred” For SLSU use only 8 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES while gatós is shown in today’s dictionaries as meaning “billion.” Pedro Serrano The Old Tagalog Counting System Laktaw’s 1914 dictionary shows gatós as 1, 2, 3, etc. isa, dalawa, tatlo billion but his earlier 1889 dictionary 11, 12 labing isa, labindalawa shows no Tagalog word for billion or even 20 dalawampu million. Eusebio Daluz published a 21 maikatlong isa dictionary in 1915 that included a whole 22 maikatlong dalawa series of invented words for orders of 30 tatlumpu magnitude up to a decillion – that’s the 31 maikapat isa number one followed by 33 zeros, or in 80 walumpu Europe, a one followed by 60 zeros. His 81 maikasiyam isa proposed numerals never caught on, 90 siyamnapu though. 99 maikaraang siyam In the old Tagalog counting system, 100 isang daan the numerals from one to 20 were the same 101 labi sa raang isa as they are today and so was each multiple 111 labi sa raang labing isa of ten, hundred, thousand and million. 121 labi sa raang maikatlong isa However, the numerals in between the 200 dalawang daan zeros were very different. The number 21, 201 maikatlong daang isa for example, was not dalawampu’t isa as we 300 tatlong daan would expect; it was maikatlong isa, 301 maikapat na raang isa meaning “one in the third set of ten.” The 1000 isang libo first set of ten being zero to nine, the 1001 labi sa libong isa second set 10 to 19 and the third set 20 to 2000 dalawang libo 29. 2001 maikatlong libong isa 9000 siyam na libo The prefix maika- always referred 9001 maikalaksang isa to the next highest set of ten, hundred, 10,000 isang laksa thousand, etc. For example, maikapat 10,011 labi sa laksang labing isa dalawa meant “two in the fourth” or 32. 20,000 dalawang laksa This pattern continued until maikaraan 22,000 maikatlong laksang dalawang siyam, “nine in the 100 set”, which meant 90,000 libo 99. Labí was used for the numbers between 90,001 siyam na laksa 10 and 20, just like today. When we say the 100,000 maikayutang isa number 11, labing isa, it means “one in 100,001 isang yuta excess of ten,” but we don’t say the word pu 200,000 labi sa yutang isa because it is understood. The difference in 200,001 dalawang yuta the old Tagalog method was that labí was 1,000,000 maikatlong yutang isa also used consistently for the first set of isang angaw-angaw numbers above one hundred, one thousand, The Old Counting System https://www.pilipino-express.com one laksa (10,000), one yuta (100,000) and one million. Focus Question 1: How does the old Tagalog counting system unique the way to count? Give concrete examples. For SLSU use only 9 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES Language and Writing System. Early in the pre-colonial period, the The Philippines have very few artifacts that ancient peoples of the Philippines did not have any writing system, and so they relied show evidence of writing as compared to on oral tradition in recording folklore and other Southeast Asian countries,. These are: folk history. Sometime in the 13th century, writing systems derived from the Indian- influenced cultures came to the islands, Calatagan Ritual Pot. The pot was leading to the emergence of native writing recovered in Mang Tomas Archaeological systems called baybayin, primarily used by Site, Calatagan, certain inhabitants of Luzon and the Batangas in 1961. It is Visayas. They use sharp-pointed tools, unique and classified leaves, bamboo and trunk’s skin. as atypical earthenware with The word Baybayin translates to "to ancient syllabic spell", "to write" in verb form. It also inscription on the literally translates to "coast," "seaside," and shoulder. The "alphabet" in noun form. It is one of the Calatagan ritual pot is Philippines' old, traditional, and systematic Calatagan Ritual Pot history.com the only one of its kind ways of writing primarily used by with an ancient script. the Tagalog — a word derived from "taga- ilog", which means people and/or Butuan Paleograph. It is found communities who live near bodies of water. among burial coffins in Butuan, this artifact The Tagalog is one of the Philippines' is the only one of its languages and is one the basis of it's a kind, rare and still national and standardized language, un-deciphered. It Filipino. Some have incorrectly named presents 22 units of "Alibata" to it, but that term was coined by writing on a silver Paul Rodriguez Verzosa after the strip similar to a Silver Paleograph arrangement of letters of the Arabic Javanese script that alphabet alif, ba, ta. But the BAYBAYIN is had been in use not related to Arabic alphabet. from the 12th to the 15th century AD. The characters display a Hindu-Buddhist Baybayin is one of a number of influence, probably the earliest in the individual writing systems used in Philippines. Southeast Asia, nearly all of which are abugidas, or alphasyllabary, where Laguna Copper Plate. The thin any consonant is pronounced with the copper plate has ten lines of small script inherent vowel a following it—diacritics characters that are being used to express other vowels. Many impressed on one of these writing systems descended from side. Dr. Anton ancient alphabets used in India over 2000 Postma and Dr. years ago. Johannes de An abugida is a writing system Casparis studied between syllabic and alphabetic scripts. this rare artifact. They have sequences of consonants and According to them, vowels that are written as a unit, each the main language based on the consonant letter. Vowels must Copper Plate of the copper plate www.shutterstock.com be written down as well, but they are is old Malay but the secondary. Each syllables are built up of text is sprinkled with Sanskrit, old Javanese consonants, each of which has an inherent and old Tagalog terms. vowel. For SLSU use only 10 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES Learning Baybayin Learning the basics of Baybayin is easy especially if you can understand Tagalog/Filipino language. Writing the characters is not that as hard as it seems, but reading them is tricky. The modern English Alphabet has 21 consonants and five vowels. The Filipino Alphabet has 16 consonants and five vowels. Baybayin has 14 consonants and three vowels. The vowels are "a, e/i and o/u" and14 consonants are pronounce with a vowel "a" following it, the consonants are " Ba, Ka, Da/Ra, Ga, Ha, La, Ma, Na, Nga, Pa, Ra, Sa, Ta, Wa, and Ya". There are two ways to write Baybayin characters: 1. Traditionally, with the original Baybayin script, which is a more ancient yet acceptable way of writing Baybayin characters. 2. Modified version, with the Spanish Kudlit + to solve the problem of writing final consonants. Francisco Lopez, a Spanish Friar invented a new kind of kudlit in 1620. It was shaped like a cross (which should be no surprise) and it was meant to be placed below a baybayin consonant letter in order to cancel its vowel sound. This is also acceptable since Baybayin's resurfacing in the modern world. Notable features  Type of writing system: syllabic alphabet in which each consonant has an inherent vowel /a/. Other vowels are indicated either by separate letters, or by dots - a dot over a consonant changes the vowels to an /i/ or and /e/, while a dot under a consonant changes the vowel to /o/ or /u/.  The inherent vowel is muted by adding a + sign beneath a consonant. This innovation was introduced by the Spanish.  Direction of writing: left to right in horizontal lines. Baybayin Guide \ https://userconte nt2.hubstatic.com/14771293_f520.jpg For SLSU use only 11 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES Know the Rules 1. Write the word and its letters based on how you pronounce the word. You write and read as-is. Always remember that one syllable is equal to one character. 2. The consonants. Each consonant letter is one syllable that is pronounced with the a vowel. This means, for example, that the letter is not just a b, it is actually the syllable ba. If we write the word basa (to read), we only need two letters: not four letters Here are a few more examples: (really, important, and able to do) 3. The Kudlít. This means a small cut or incision. The mark can be any shape. It is usually a dot or tick, or sometimes it is shaped like a v or an arrowhead >. The sound of a letter is not changed in any way by the shape of the kudlit; it is changed by the position of the kudlit.  The kudlit is placed above a letter to signify the sound of e or i. As in the words: (self, miss as in unmarried woman, and tickle)  And to change the sound of a letter to o or u, the kudlit is placed below. As in the words: (island, trouble, and opinion) 4. The Vowel Characters. The baybayin has three special vowel letters: Naturally, if a syllable doesn't have a consonant, there is no place to put the kudlit. This is when the vowel characters must be used. For example: (mercy, to bring with, head, and possible) 5. Final consonants. Lone vowels have special characters but what about the consonants that have no vowel sound? These are the syllable final consonants and they are the reason why it is much more difficult to read the baybayin than it is to write it. There is no way to write syllable final consonants. For SLSU use only 12 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES For example, in a word like bundok (mountain) we cannot write the letters n and k because they are not followed by a vowel and the baybayin consonants always contain a vowel sound. If we did write the n and the k, the word would be pronounced bu-na-do-ka. So, we simply don't write those letters. The meaning of the word and its pronunciation must be guessed by reading it in context. Bundok is not Here are a few more examples: (peak, riddle, ask) 6. Special Consonants. The letters d and ng were not special to the ancient Filipinos but they deserve special attention here to avoid confusion.  The Letter for Da and Ra There is only one character for both d and r in the baybayin, the. The pronunciation of this letter in Tagalog changes depending on its location within a word. It follows the same Filipino grammatical rule that we have today; when a d is between two vowels, it becomes an r. There are many exceptions to this rule today, but it was more consistent in pre-Hispanic times. For example, the word dangal (honour) becomes marangal (honourable) and the word dunong (knowledge) becomes marunong (knowledgeable), but the baybayin letter, does not change.  The Letter for Nga The ng is considered a single letter in the modern Filipino alphabet but it requires two characters to write it, n and g. In the baybayin the ng really is a single character, , and it must be written that way. For example, if the word hanga (admiration) were spelled with n and g, it would be pronounced ha-na- ga. It should be written like this: not: For SLSU use only 13 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES 7. Punctuation. The only punctuation for the baybayin is a single vertical bar “ |” for a comma or a pair of vertical bars “||” for a period. The ancient Filipinos usually wrote their words with no spaces between them but sometimes they would separate a single word between a set of bars. However, most of the time the bars were used in a random manner, dividing the sentences into word groups of various sizes. 8. The Spanish Kudlit +. It was shaped like a cross and it was meant to be placed below a baybayin consonant letter in order to cancel its vowel sound. For example: (mountain, peak, riddle, ask) Here's a verse from a modern song. On the left, the Spanish kudlit is used and the words have been separated to make it easier to read. The pre-Hispanic Filipino method of writing is on the right. Figure was modified wnc For SLSU use only 14 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES Focused Questions 2. Translate Baybayin words to our present Filipino language. 1. ______________________________________________ 2. __________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________ _ 4. _______________________________________ (Prehispanic Filipino writing) For SLSU use only 15 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES shelters and caves in Palawan. Early Medicine Filipinos are nomadic since they are constantly in search Most folk healers in Philippines for food through believe that their "medicinal" and healing hunting or fishing skills come from a supernatural being or so they mainly rely given to them by God. The Babaylans were the first healers on nature when within the tribal creating shelter and communities of do not need to build ancient Philippines. permanent Tree house Their practice and structures. With the https://i.pinimg.com/564x/1 6/87/81/1687816c1c585fb6 methods of curing development of b317d602e7a8702a.jpg ailments involves tools, tent-like shelters and tree houses superstitions, were also created to serve as their Babaylan recitation of prayers abode. Before the coming of the www.aswangproject.com and religious rituals Spaniards, Filipino houses were made accompanied by the of light materials bamboo palm, vine, mediation of the Holy Spirit, herbology, hydrotherapy, massage therapy, and grass, and wood. The houses were divination. Although often found active in characterized by rectangular structures rural communities, traditional Filipino elevated on stilt foundations and healers can also be found in small urban covered by and sub-urban neighborhoods. voluminous thatched roofs Babaylans harness the unlimited powers of nature and used for both good ornamented with and ill intentions. In addition, they heal the gable-finials, the sick, ensure a safe pregnancy, and lead walls were low, rituals - offerings to the various divinities the floor was Nipa Hut raised a few feet Traditional medicine discogs.com above and its has been practiced structure could be lifted as a whole and since ancient times in every culture carried to a new site. throughout the world and has been an integral part of Spanish Colonial Period (1521 - human evolution and Herbal Medicine 1898) www.webstock.com development. They The beginnings of modern science were curative values and technology in the Philippines can be of some plant on how to extract medicine traced to the Spanish regime. The on herbs. Spaniards established schools, hospitals Architecture and started scientific research and these had important consequences for the rise of The the country’s professions. But the direction earliest and pace of development of science and records of technology were greatly shaped by the role of the religious orders in the conquest and pre-colonial colonization of the archipelago and by architecture economic and trade adopted by the colonial in the government. Philippines Tabon cave http://3.bp.blogspot.com/- SLExSvdnbDc/UCDoVxcb2sI/AAAAAAAAEio/o are rock D8s3SJbrWg/s320/atabon.jpg For SLSU use only 16 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES Religion learn the native language of the peoples they sought to convert. By the end of the 16th century 4. Adaptation of Christianity to the local most of the coastal and lowland areas from context - Filipinos were mostly animistic in Luzon to northern Mindanao were under their religious beliefs and practices prior to Spanish control. Friars marched with Spanish intervention. soldiers and soon accomplished the nominal conversion to Roman Catholicism Social Classes and Government of all the local people under Spanish administration. Peninsulares referred to as The cultural goal of the Spanish “Kastilas”. clergy was nothing less than the full They are the Christianiza spaniards who tion and are born in Hispanizatio Spain. They https://image.slidesharecdn.com/socialcl asses-120515101821- n of the are the phpapp01/95/social-classes-12- Filipino. In wealthiest and most political powerful the first among the social classes and have the Religion decades of highest positions in the government. www.steemit.com missionary Insulares are Spaniards who are born in the work, local religions were vigorously Philippines who took important positions suppressed; old practices were not in the Spanish government in the tolerated. But as the Christian laity grew in Philippines. They enjoyed various number and the zeal of the clergy waned, it government and church positions, however, became increasingly difficult to prevent the they also received discrimination from preservation of ancient beliefs and customs fellow Spaniards. Principalia a nobility under Roman Catholic garb. Thus, even in class a social and educated in the towns of the area of religion, pre-Spanish Filipino colonial Philippines composed of culture was not entirely destroyed. Gobernadorcillo. or the Cabeza de Barangay who governed the districts and Magellan's arrival in Cebu the awardees of Civil Merit. Mestizos are represents the first attempt by Spain to Filipinos of mixed indigenous convert Filipinos to Roman Catholicism. Filipinos(Astronesian people/Malay/ There are reasons Malayo-Polynesian) or European or why Spanish Chinese ancestry. Indios are persons of missionaries were pure Austronesian(Malay/ Malayo- successful in this Polynesian) ancestry natives. attempt: Spain established 1. Mass baptism - a centralized colonial government in the initial practice of the Philippines. baptizing large numbers of Filipinos Ferdinand Magellan www.brittanica.com at one time enabled National and Local the initial  Highest-ranking official in conversion to Christianity. the Philippines. 2. Reduccion policies - in areas where  Had the power Filipinos lived scattered across the Governor to appoint and dismiss landscape in small hamlets, the Spanish General public officials. military employed a resettlement policy  Issued proclamations to that they had used successful in Central and facilitate the Latin America. implementation of laws. 3. Attitude of the Spanish clergy in the  Exercised certain early phase - Spanish friars was forced to legislative powers For SLSU use only 17 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES  Special judicial court that colonization of Spain. investigates the Residencia performance of a Even if the government in 1880 governor general who was abolished the monopolization of tobacco, about to be replaced. Philippine cigars still maintained their reputation and had been well liked by the  Council of the Indies in Visita Spain sent a government Victorian parlors in Britain, the European official called the Vistador continent, and North America. General to observe conditions in the colony. Philippine abaca grew in  Served as an advisory importance Royal body to the Governor around 1850s. It Audiencia General and had the was considered as power to check and a Abaca report on his abuses. https://maticph.wordpress.co the best material m/2019/08/05/philippine-  Audited the expenditures for ropes and abaca/ of the colonial cordage. government and sent a yearly report to Spain. After 1850s, Provincial Government sugarcane is the islands’ most Led by the alcalde mayor, important export. governed the provinces that Alcaldia had been fully subjugated. Sugarcane Traditional and crude https://www.firstpost.co Corregime Headed by corregidor, m methods were used nto governed the provinces that at least as early as were not yet entirely under the beginning of Spanish control. the eighteenth Municipal Government century in producing and Goberna Headed several towns whose refining sugarcanes. Sugar mill steam dorcillos main concerns were efficient Due to the opening engine https://www.asme.org/ governance and tax collection. of the port of Iloilo about- asme/engineering- in Panay in 1855 history/landmarks/ and the encouragement of Nicholas Loney, Agriculture the British consul in that town, led to the development of unsettled island of Negros Three crops, namely: as the center of the Philippine sugar industry. Nicholas Loney arranged liberal tobacco, abaca, and credit terms for local landlords to invest in sugarcane dominated the new crop, encouraged the migration of Philippine exports by the labor from the neighboring and late nineteenth century. overpopulated island of Panay, and introduced steam-driven sugar refineries These crops highlighted that replaced the traditional method of trade and agriculture in producing low-grade sugar in loaves. The the Philippines and was owners of the sugar plantations became a Tobacco https://en.wikiped potent and influential political and known popularly ia.org/wiki/Cultiv ation_of_tobacco economic force by the end of the 19th throughout the century. For SLSU use only 18 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES The Spanish introduced the idea freedom were transformed into mere of land holding to native people, many share tenants. of whom previously had limited notions about private property and took control The Agrarian Reform recognizes of large swaths of land owned for all lands in the Philippines as part of centuries by native groups. This was public domain regardless of local many native Philippine people came to customs. Repatiamentos for lands was live on land that was owned by the granted to the Spanish military as a Spanish or people with close ties to the reward for their service. The communal Spanish and they became tenants or ownership of land took backseat, paid laborers. That’s when the private ownership of land was Agrarian Reform happened. introduced. Agrarian Reform The colonial government introduced the pueblo agriculture, a Before the Spaniards came to the system wherein native rural Philippines, Filipinos lived in villages or communities is given certain hectares barangays ruled by chiefs or datus. The of land to cultivate. Major source of datus comprised the nobility. Then conflict during this time was all came the maharlikas (freemen), agrarian-related problem, the harsh followed by the aliping mamamahay Spanish imposition. Since Spaniards did (serfs) and aliping saguiguilid (slaves). not levy a land tax or a head tax, and However, despite the existence of few records of land-ownership were different classes in the social structure, kept, the Spanish government issued practically everyone had access to the two Royal Decrees: decreto realengga fruits of the soil. Money was unknown, and Maura Law. The Royal Decree of and rice served as the medium of 1894 (Maura Law) deprived many exchange. But when Spanish came, their Filipino peasants of their own lands. authorities began to group together several barangay into administration Filipino peasant, either ignorant units. They term these units as pueblos of the processes of the law or of the or municipios. Spanish-written instructions, were just slow to respond. The landowners were When the Spaniards came to the quick to react. They did not only Philippines, the concept of encomienda register their oen landholdings but also (Royal Land Grants) was introduced. took advantage of the ignorance of the This system grants that Encomienderos peasants, by claiming the peasant’s land must defend his encomienda from adjacent to their own holding. This external attack, maintain peace and resulted to estimated 400,000 Filipino order within, and support the peasants were left without titles, missionaries. In turn, the encomiendero became mere tenants in their own lands. acquired the right to collect tribute from the indios (native). The system, Other strategies of dispossessing however, degenerated into abuse of peasants of their landhlodings were: power by the encomienderos The tribute soon became land rents to a few 1. Outright purchase at a low price of powerful landlords. And the natives real estate (realanga) by Spaniard who once cultivated the lands in from a badly-in-need peasants. For SLSU use only 19 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES 2. Mortgage system (paco de school the Spaniards established a retroventa); this is equivalent of today’s separate school for girls and boys. But mortgage system (sangla) there is an inequality on attaining education because the higher priority Another source of land-related during this period was placed on men conflict by the late 19th century was the and only to those wealthy Filipinos “Friar Land”. Many farmers questioned which was called the “illustrados” that the amount of land in grant given by the time, they were accommodated by the Spanish crown to the religious orders. schools That’s when tenants paid tax termed as “canon” to the friars. The Spanish led formal education and founded Education scientific institution. With the coming of Spain, the Parish schools were European system of education was established where introduced to religion, reading, the writing, arithmetic Philippines. and music was Primary schools, taught. University of Santo Tomas colleges and Later the Spanish April 28, 1611 universities established colleges https://www.slideshare.net/m obile/ArchiEducPH/history- were and universities in architectural-character-of-the- spanish-period established in the archipelago including the University of Santo Tomas. our country Manila Memories (2019, August by the 13). Spanish friars of the Language. The Filipino language, missionaries. Dominican Order, ca 1875-1880. derived from the Tagalog language, [Status Update with Picture]. Facebook. During this which is the national language today, https://www.facebook.com/Manila time, the was even a Spanish influence. The Memories/photos/spanish-friars-of- clergy man Filipino vocabulary came from the the-dominican-order-ca-1875-1880- maintained Spanish language and was only changed a-major-cause-of-the- the in spelling over time. Among other educational system from primary to Filipino languages influenced by the tertiary level, also the missionaries Spaniards are Ilocano, Bicolano, teaches Christianity and maintained the Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, Visaya and rules and regulations imposed by the many other dialects existent within the students and the priest and monks country. work together with the civil authority Learning the Spanish language and began to create a primary school as much as Spanish education as a where by both religious and secular whole was not really made public to the subjects was taught. Filipinos. However, Some natives, who Formal education was offered had direct contacts with the Spaniards, and it starts from primary to tertiary learned the language. Such attachment education. The types of education were led the Filipino natives to adopt some of religious and patriarchal which is free the Spanish vocabulary and mixed them to all children between the ages of to the Filipino languages. Also, the seven and thirteen. When it comes to Spaniards inevitably talked to the For SLSU use only 20 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES natives in a Spanish language during surveyed the botanical landscape with the trading and other dealings with the objective of discovering and using alternative cures. The provincial health care system of the early Filipinos for the most part of the early Spanish colonial period revolved upon easiest recourse for the poor patients through seeking for the traditional therapy provided by the local “matanda” or the “mediquillo”, Tan, N. (2014). Evolution of the Filipino alphabet which provides the necessary cure for [Online Picture]. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/66819-evolution- their ailing patients. filipino-alphabet It was not long before the friars them in the market and also in churches. themselves mastered the herbal science This made the Filipino to learn the they needed in order to apply such foreign language slowly. With knowledge into practice as physicians colonization under Spain came the to the people suffering from various Latin alphabet and the decline and diseases and/or disabilities. And later eventual disuse of baybayin. on, the parish priests recognized the potency of the curanderos’ art of Spanish missionaries, who healing in most areas except the served as the first teachers in the supernatural. islands, taught converted Filipinos Catholicism, the Latin alphabet, and the Herbal Medicine Spanish language. Medicine The most accepted aspect of traditional The extent of medical and indigenous healing arts was herbal pharmaceutical activities in the therapy or opotherapy. One of the friars Philippine Islands in the seventeenth that contributed during Spanish era and eighteenth centuries were limited was in due to certain physical factors and Fr. Francisco Ignacio realities. The availability of medical Alcina. He was a supplies was dependent on the annual Spanish historian Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade in and a Jesuit which supplies were requested from missionary in the Manila. It was in this imposing reality of Philippines. He limited medical resources that religious produced a missionaries stepped in. This is also the manuscript in 1668 time where local medicine revolved that listed the plants and herbs that the around the parish priests and the local Filipinos of the therapists. period used for Friar Works On Local Remedies medical purposes. The arrival of the Spanish colonizers in the Philippines proved to be a public Herbal Plants health disaster on their part given their ANONANG OR SOAPBERRY LEAVES inability to acclimatize to the tropical (Cordia Sebestena). conditions. That’s when missionaries For SLSU use only 21 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES It was used to cure mouth blisters. Its SULASI / HOLY BASIL bark sooths ulcers and stomach aches. Its juice was so powerful that it can (Ocimum Virgatum) immediately revive an unconscious It is effective for stomach ailments. person. MAROL / SALACSALAC / SAMPAGITA/ PATOLANG BILOG SAMPAGA / VEGETABLE (Nyctanthes SPOGE (Luffa Sambac) Cylindrica). The roots of it can For the Spanish, be used to aid women in childbirth it is called this because of its ability to heal wounds, “Cucumbers of Saint Gregory”. It is an but cautioned to use small quantities effective purgative, relieving because a large amount can be harmful. constipation and gastric problem. An antidote for poison and venom and it Hydrotherapy enabled Francisco to extract worms and Other than herbal medicine, the harmful matters from body. religious also had an overwhelming SALIBUTBUT/ PANDACAQUI affinity towards the curative properties (Tabernaemonta of natural baths in the islands. It was na Laurifolia) the Franciscans and the Augustinians who popularized the use of natural It has two kinds; springs the one with black bark and HOSPITAL DE NUESTRA SEÑORA DE the other has LAS AGUAS SANTAS DE MAINIT [OUR white bark, which was more effective LADY OF THE HOLY WATERS for Francisco. The juice of its leaves was HOSPITAL] effective for treating wounds. It was It can be effective in preventing convulsion and found on drying out ulcer in few hours. top of the AROGANGAN hot springs / CHINA ROSE in Los (Hibiscus Baños, Rosasinesis) Laguna. It was Fr. Diego de Bobadilla who said that “bathe also during their It helps sicknesses, and have for that purpose women with their menstrual cramps by springs of hot water, especially at the drinking its boiled roots or its buds shore of Laguna de Bay”. Frs. Juan mixed with aloe vera, pounded and Tombo and Francisco Arriola applied to the forehead. The buds of it investigated, proved, and mixed with lime could be applied as recommended the therapeutic plasters to burst growth and properties of springs in Los Baños, inflammations. When the buds finally Laguna. bloomed, they were boiled to induce sweat. The construction and development of such and similar edifices all over the COLONCOGON / islands had precedents from the initial For SLSU use only 22 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY PHILIPPINES observations that the Spaniards made arising from battle wounds at sea and of the bathing activities of the early on land. Since the surgeons’ art Filipinos. revolved around amputations and mutilations of all types, the Obstetrics development and popularity of surgical One of the most important science did not see much following. preoccupations in the field of medicine Jean Mallat (1846), from his travels in at those times was the reality of the Philippines, observed that as far late childbearing fatalities. Caesarian as the early 1800s, surgery was a operation was not yet fully developed “useless science” and did “not exist that childbirth that could not be done where there are no Spanish operators”. through regular deliveries ended often Both surgical cases illustrate the futility ended in maternal and/or natal of surgical operations in those times fatalities. Complications and the that often times, surgical patients resulting fatalities during childbirth whose operation involved parts of the became a serious concern for the body other than the limbs and priests who valued the primacy of extremities, ended up dead in a short human life and grieved at the loss of while. This is not to mention the another Christian, ergo tribute to the possible excruciating pain suffered by state. the patients that such a science was not Childbearing in the islands was also at all popular in the medical field then. open to the attention and skills of the “mediquillos” and the parish priests, aside from the traditional “matronas”. Fatalities during childbirth became a serious concern for the priests. The reason why priests tried to develop the then highly fatal surgical methods. During this time, it was when Fr. Julian Bermejo’s book was created entitled “Instructions for Midwives to prevent abortion and death of unbaptised babies” that served as a guide back then. Fr. Gregorio Sanz’s “Sacred Embryology”, the manual produced by Fr. Sanzwas was the product of centuries of progress from the experiences of the priests, mediquillos, and matronas unconsciously collaborating with each other to develop the medical and surgical science of obstetrics. General Surgery Originally, seventeenth-century surgeons were normally attached to the military service since they were primarily charged with procedures For SLSU use only 23