Research Methods: Definitions & Study Types PDF

Here is the markdown table of the text extracted from the image. ### DEFINITIONS & ANSWERS | DEFINITION | ANSWER...

Here is the markdown table of the text extracted from the image. ### DEFINITIONS & ANSWERS | DEFINITION | ANSWER | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Four basic designs used in developmental research | case studies ethnographic studies correlational studies experiments. | | A research design: In-depth study of single subject,such as individual or family | Case study | | A research design: In-depth study of a culture or subculture | Ethnographic study | | A research design: Attempt to find positive or negative relationship between variables | correlational study | | A research design: Controlled procedure conducted in a laboratory or the field in which an independent variable is manipulated to determine its effect on a dependent variable | Experiment | | Research method in which the observer lives with the people or participates in the activity being observed. | participant observation | | In an experiment, the group receiving the treatment under study. | experimental group | | In an experiment, a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treat-ment under study. | control group | | a definition stated solely in terms of the operations used to measure a phenomenon. | operational definition | | In an experiment, the condition over which the experimenter has direct control. | independent variable | | In an experiment, the condition that may or may not change as result of changes in the independent variable. | dependent variable | | Assignment of participants in an experiment to groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group. | random assignment | | best for determining cause and effect; it generally consists of asking participants to visit a laboratory where they are subject to conditions manipulated by the experimenter. | laboratory experiment | | a controlled study conducted in an everyday setting, | field experiment | | compares people who have been accidentally "assigned" to separate groups by circumstances of life | natural experiment | | Explain why only a controlled experiment can establish causal relationships? | | | Data are collected on people of different ages at the same time. | cross-sectional study | | Data are collected on the same person or persons over a period of time. | longitudinal study | | Data are collected on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples. | Sequential | ### FURTHER DISCUSSION Case studies and ethnographic studies are primarily qualitative in nature, while correlational and experimental studies generally use quantitative methodology. Each design has advantages and drawbacks, and each is appropriate for certain kinds of research problems **Advantages:** Provides detailed picture of one personas behavior and development; can generate hypotheses **Disadvantages:** May not generalize to others; conclusions not directly testable; cannot establish cause and effect **Advantages:** Can help overcome culturally based biases in theory and research; can test universality of developmental phenomena **Disadvantages:** Can help overcome culturally based biases in theory and research; can test universality of developmental phenomena Cannot establish cause and effect Correlations are expressed in terms of direction (positive or negative) and magnitude (degree). Two variables that are correlated positively increase or decrease together. For example, the more time spent on social media, the greater the risk of depression (Ivie et al., 2020) Two variables have a negative, or inverse correlation if, as one increases the other decreases. **Advantages:** Establishes cause-and-effect relationships; is highly controlled and can be repeated by another investigator **Disadvantages:** Findings, especially when derived from laboratory experiments, may not generalize to situations outside the laboratory Because the experiments occur in the real world, there is more confidence that the behaviors that are seen are generalizable to natural behaviors. However, researchers have less control over events that may occur; the real world is often messy, and things do not always go as planned. one group that was exposed, say, to famine or HIV or superior education and another group that was not. The tight control of a laboratory study allows researchers to be more certain that their independent variable caused change in their dependent variable; however, because of the artificiality of the laboratory experience, the results may be less generalizable to real life. **Advantages:** Can shoe similarities and differences among age groups; speedy, economical; presents no problem of attrition or repeated testing **Disadvantages:** Cannot establish age effects; masks individual differences; can be confounded by cohort effects **Advantages:** Can show age-related change or continuity; avoids confounding age with cohort effects **Disadvantages:** Is time-consuming, expensive; presents problems of attrition, bias in sample, and effects of repeated testing; results may be valid only for cohort tested or sample studied **Advantages:** Can avoid drawbacks of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs **Disadvantages:** Requires large amount of time and effort and analysis of very complex data