Ayla Zhang - Students.weather Variables PDF

OBJECTIVE(S): Differentiate between weather and climate Decode and Code station models List and describe the different weather variables OBJECTIVE(S): Differentiate between weather and climate Weather vs. Climate Weather = “WHAT YOU GET!” – Pre...

OBJECTIVE(S): Differentiate between weather and climate Decode and Code station models List and describe the different weather variables OBJECTIVE(S): Differentiate between weather and climate Weather vs. Climate Weather = “WHAT YOU GET!” – Present conditions of the atmosphere that are continually updated Climate “WHAT = YOU EXPECT!” Average conditions of an area OBJECTIVE(S): Differentiate between weather and climate What Causes Weather? Variation in INSOLATION – INcoming SOLar radiATION Heat energy is distributed UnEvEnLy THIS CAUSES WEATHER!!! OBJECTIVE(S): Decode and Code station models Station Models *PAGE 13 OF THE ESRT* Station Model Practice OBJECTIVE(S): Decode and Code station models Barometric Pressure 1. Locate theConversions coded pressure. 2. Look at the 1st digit. 3. Then use the following rule: If it doesn’t pass 4 add a 10 before, but 5 or more instead add a 9 ahead. 4. Always place a decimal between your last 2 #’s! 1008.7 mb 984.7 mb OBJECTIVE(S): Decode and Code station models Pressure 3 Hours Ago 1,008.7 mb 984.7 mb - 4.1 mb + 2.6 mb 1004.6 mb 987.3 mb OBJECTIVE(S): Decode and Code station models Station Models *PAGE 13 OF THE ESRT* Station Model Practice Instruments To Acquire Station Model Data: Temperature - Thermometer Dewpoint - Sling Psychrometer or Hygrometer Wind Direction - Wind Vane Wind Speed - Anemometer Barometric Pressure/Trend - Barometer Inches of Precipitation - Rain OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe each weather variable Weather Variables 1. Temperature (thermometer) 2. Moisture (hygrometer & sling psychrometer) 3. Pressure (barometer) 4. Wind (wind vane & anemometer) OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Temperature) 1. Factors That Affect Heating (Temperature) Angle & Duration of the Sun Color and Texture Specific Heat Altitude OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Temperature) Angle & Duration of the Sun OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Temperature) Color and Texture Dark/Rough Roof Light/Smooth Roof OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Temperature) Specific Heats *PAGE 1 OF THE ESRT* Use page 1 of the ESRT, which has a lower specific heat, Rocks ROCKS (Granite/Basalt) or Water? _______ ROCKS WATER ______ heat(s) and cool(s) faster than _______ – Water moderates the climate of an area OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Temperature) Altitude *PAGE 14 OF THE ESRT* Altitude vs. Temperature in the Troposphere Temperatur e Altitude Sea Level = ; Tropopause = OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Pressure) 2. Pressure *PAGE 13 OF THE ESRT* Weight of the atmosphere – Measured with a barometer OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Pressure) Factors Affecting Pressure 1. Temperature & Density – Warm air (Less Dense) = Less pressure WARM AIR COOL AIR Pressure Air Temp. Pressure Density OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Pressure) 2. Moisture Content (Humidity) MORE Moisture = LESS Pressure » H2O = 18g Pressure » N2 = 28g , O2 = 32g DRY AIR MOIST AIR Moisture N2 = 7 * 28g = 196g N2 = 4 * 28g = 112g O2 = 2 * 32g = 64g O2 = 1 * 32g = 32g H2O = 3 * 18g = 54g H2O = 7 * 18g = 126g Total Mass = 314g Total Mass = 270g OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the three factors that affect pressure 3. Altitude – MORE altitude = LESS Pressure OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the three factors that affect pressure Altitude and Pressure *PAGE 14 OF THE ESRT* Altitude vs. Pressure in the Troposphere Pressure Altitude Sea Level = ; Tropopau OBJECTIVE(S): Create an isobar map using station model data *PAGE 13 OF THE ESRT* Mapping an Air Pressure Field – Isobars connect equal air pressures – Interval is 4.0mb 053 Station Model Coded Pressure OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) 3. Moisture Moves between the Earth and atmosphere through the Water Cycle OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) Temperature , Evaporation Rate of Evap Temperature OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) Humidity , Evaporation Rate of Evap Humidity OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) Wind , Evaporation Rate of Evap Wind OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) Surface area , Evaporation Rate of Evap Surface Area OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) Dew Point Temperature Temperature that condensation occurs (when dew could form!) – 100% Relative Humidity – Air is completely saturated Use a sling psychrometer – Water evaporates off of the Wet Bulb (we are creating wind as it is swung!) Lowers the temperature OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) Wet-Bulb Depression – Difference between Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer Big Difference = DRY – More Evaporation occurred off of the wet- bulb Small Difference = HUMID – Less Evaporation occurred off of the dry- bulb OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) *PAGE 12 OF THE ESRT* Dry-Bulb (oC) 22 22 20 15 09 08 17 Wet-Bulb (oC) 20 13 14 12 03 06 17 WBD (oC) Dew Point (oC) Rel. Humidity (%) The less difference between wet and dry bulbs are, the more moisture in the air (More humid the air is) **More moisture = Less Evaporation** OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) Humidity Absolute Humidity – ACTUAL Amount Of Water Vapor Relative Humidity (%) – The % of the air that is filled with Water Vapor Warmer Air 100 g 25 g Cooler Air A.H. = More A.H. = Less R.H. = 50.0% R.H. = 50.0% OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) Temperature and Moisture Warmer air = More moisture can be held – A greater capacity to hold moisture Cooler air = Less moisture can be held Same – A lower capacity to hold moistureAmount of Water HIGHER Smaller LOWER RELATIVE RELATIVE Space HUMIDITY HUMIDITY Larger Space OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) Conditions Needed for Cloud Formation – Moisture in air – Cooling Temperature to the DP – Condensation Nuclei Surface for condensation Condensation R.H. is 100% to occur – Ex – Dust Particles OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) Dewpoint, Temperature, and Relative Humidity Relative Humidity is Relative Humidity is 100% ~50% = CONDENSATION As Dew Point and Air Temperature get closer, the Relative Humidity INCREASES OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) When air rises it cools, condenses and reaches the DEW POINT temperature (RACECAR) Whenever humid air rises, clouds can form OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Wind) 4. Wind Named from the direction it comes FROM Always flows from high pressure to low pressure OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Wind) Local Winds Sea & Land Breezes L H H L OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Wind) Local Breezes around Noon on Long Island from a Brookhaven National Laboratory Study OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Wind) Regional Winds: Affected by the Coriolis Effect from Earth’s rotation OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Wind) High vs. Low Pressures Top View H L Side View H L LOW PRESSURE: = LESS Pushing Down HIGH PRESSURE: = MORE Pushing Down OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Wind) Where in the U.S. is it a High pressure? Where in the U.S. is it a Low pressure? C A B F D E OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Wind) OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) Pressure Gradient & Winds OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Wind) Closer isobars = Greater Pressure Gradient = Greater Wind Speed! OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Wind) Global Winds *PAGE 14 OF THE ESRT* Affected by the Coriolis Effect Air SINKS in HIGH pressures = DRY Air RISES in LOW pressures = WET OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Wind) Why is there a heavy concentration of clouds at the equator in the diagram below? OBJECTIVE(S): List and describe the different weather variables (Moisture) Winds and Ocean Currents – Winds push the currents in the same general directions!