Avian Anatomy PDF

Gross Anatomy 2 Dr. Cristian Martonos Previous lecturer: Dr. Melissa Kehl Avian Anatomy  Learning Objectives 1. Explain the anatomical adaptations unique to birds related to integument, cardiorespiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, u...

Gross Anatomy 2 Dr. Cristian Martonos Previous lecturer: Dr. Melissa Kehl Avian Anatomy  Learning Objectives 1. Explain the anatomical adaptations unique to birds related to integument, cardiorespiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, urogenital and immune systems. 2. Understand and describe clinical applications of avian anatomy. 3. Discuss examples of diseases or conditions unique to birds that relate to their specific anatomical adaptations. 4. Understand the anatomical position of the avian skeleton. 5. Identify the relevant soft-tissue external structures that are assessed during the physical examination. 6. Differentiate between different types of feathers. 7. Identify the soft-tissue organs from the respiratory, gastrointestinal, immune, and urogenital tracts.  Integument Skin Feathers Ornamental Features  Integument: Skin Very thin; Poorly supplied by blood vessels and nerves; No sweat glands; Feather tracks; Bruises easily; Scales on feet and legs are cornified epidermis; Beak is a derivative of the skin; Uropygial gland.  Integument Uropygial gland/preen gland Located at the base of the tail Dorsal to the caudal vertebrae http://www.pbase.com/james_lowen/image/92872456 Particularly important in waterfowl for water-proofing and insulating submerged body parts Absent in amazon parrots and most ratites https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/uropygial-gland  Integument: Ornamental Features Ornamental outgrowth of the skin - thick and vascular dermis, easily injured and include: Comb ; Wattle ; Snood or frontal process; Ear lobes –remnant of an ear lobe. Source: König et al., 2016, AVIAN ANATOMY Textbook and Colour Atlas  Integument: Skin Patagial Ligamen t Patagium is the triangular area between the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints. It increases the surface area of wing. It is composed mainly of skin and elastic tissue and the patagial ligament. aerodynamics.  Integument: Feathers Pteryla- tract in the skin where feathers grow; Apteria – featherless skin between pterylae; Contour feathers – externally visible feathers of flight; - cover the down feathers; - define the contours of the body and wings; Down feathers – no barbules, under contour feathers, conserve heat, abundant in waterfowl.  Wing feathers remiges as the paid Primary flight feathers got primyft Secondary flight feathers Responsible for flight Tail feathers retrices Know as  Skeletal system Skull Lower jaw articulates with upper jaw via quadrate bone (1); 2 Upper jaw movable with respect to cranium; 1 Large orbits separated by interorbital septum (2); Single occipital condyle. Source: König et al., 2016, AVIAN ANATOMY Textbook and Colour Atlas  Skeletal system Notarium Is a fusion along the dorsal Synsacuum spinous processes of most of S.ae the thoracic vertebrae. Pygostyle Synsacrum Is a fusion of last 2 or 3 thoracic vertebrae, all of the lumbar, all of the sacral and the first few caudal vertebrae. Keel and Sternum Support of internal organs Respiration Pygostyle Body condition Is a fusion of the Positioning for radiography. most caudal 3-4 vertebrae. The Dissection of Vertebrates - A Laboratory Manual, Gerardo De Iuliis, PhD, University of Toronto and George Brown College of Applied Arts and Technology and Dino Pulerà, MScBMC, CMI  Skeletal system ribs and vertebral Clavicl e Thoracic limb Both the are made bone Modified into a wing; Bird- has a well developed clavicle; of Furcula 25– right and left clavicle unite to form the furcula which is the wishbone; Coracoid 24 bone – extends from the head of the humerus to the sternum, acts as a brace against the vigorous up and down strokes of the wing; The ulna is larger than the radius; They have: two carpal bones (radial carpal bone and ulnar carpal bone); :three metacarpals.  Skeletal system Pneumatic bones (“hollow”) Humerus & femur Bones are strong but brittle - open fractures are common a. Thin cortex b. Trabeculae for strength Skeletal system Pelvic limb Assumes the role as the sole limb of locomotion on the ground. The hip bones: ilium, ischium and pubis Are fused dorsally whit the synsacrum The femur resembles the mammalian bone, may be use for sampling bone marrow The tibia fused distally with the proximal row of tarsal bones- tibiotarsus The distal row of tarsal bones fused with the metatarsal bone- tarsometatarsus  Skeletal system Pelvic limb Distal limb can take different arrangements and aspects. Can be use for swimming, hunting, wading, grasping food or carrying items used in nest building.  Muscular system Left, ventral wing 1 – triceps 2 – biceps 3 – brachial vein 4 – patagium 5 – extensor carpi radialis 6 – carpal joint 8 – flexor carpi ulnaris 9 – cutaneous ulnar (wing) vein  Muscular system Insertions for pectorals 1 – pectoralis – more superficial; its contraction produces powerful downstroke of the wing Both originate on the keel; Both insert on the humerus; 2 – supracoracoideus – smaller; used Have opposing actions; mainly for take-off, not flight.  Respiratory system Laryngeal mound Larynx caudalposition not involved in vocalization has a laryngeal mound (landmark for endotracheal intubation) no epiglottis Trachea right side of the neck has complete cartilaginous rings ends at a bifurcation and the syrinx. Syrinx vocal apparatus at the tracheal bifurcation  Respiratory system Songbirds have evolved a specialized two-sided vocal organ called the syrinx that allows them to perform impressive feats of vocal gymnastics—including the unique ability to create two unrelated pitches at once. Lungs Respiratory system In contact whit the vertebral part of the ribs; Constant volume unlike mammals; Closely associated with ventral aspect of ribs; is pair Air sacs Sight of External to lung; In chickens 8 air sacs: single cervical and clavicular (or interclavicular) air sacs; and paired cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic and abdominal air sacs; Permit unidirectional flow of oxygen through the lungs. Abdominal air sacs Connection between air sac and lung (ostium)  The air sacs Source: König et al. 2016 AVIAN ANATOMY Textbook and Colour Atlas  Pneumatic foramens Fig. 1: Body of sternum of pigeon hawk showing: 1.Median pneumatic foramen; 2.Median pneumatic foramen in middle; 3.Foramen ovale; 4.Cranial border; 5.Caudal border; 6. Articular facet for rib; 9. Trough 8. Craniolateral process; 9. Pneumatic foramen  Respiratory system Major anatomical differences between avian and mammalian respiratory tract: No diaphragm No pleural spaces. Lungs do not change size during ventilation Volume of the lungs do not change Presence of air sacs and unidirectional air flow Pneumatic bones that communicate with the abdominal and thoracic air sacs. Avian Respiratory System Mammalian Respiratory System  Respiratory system Lung Trachea Syrinx Heart  Circulatory system Heart structure is similar to mammals; 4 chlororgan Heart is not covered by the lungs; Apex of the heart is covered by the liver. Heart Liver Ren et al., 2019 Poultry Science 98:2765–2771 me F a. heart, b. aorta, c. and d. brachiocephalic trunks e. common carotid arteries, f. subclavian arteries http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez042  Venipuncture sites Jugular v. Medial plantar metatarsal v. Cutaneous ulnar v. The right jugular vein is AKA medial metatarsal or AKA basilic, subcutaneous larger than the left jugular vein. caudal tibial v. ulnar, or wing v. Located on the medial side Branch of brachial v. of the tibiotarsus above the tibiotarsal joint Photos: Kelly L.,Alworth L., 2013, Techniques for collecting blood from the domestic chicken, Lab Animal volume 42, pages359–361. Choana Gastrointestinal system Lack a soft palate Hard palate contains the choana (longitudinal fissure) that connects the oral and nasal cavities. Choana is lined with caudally directed papilla that move food caudally. Infundibular cleft Salivary glands and taste buds are poorly developed. Birds that eat dry diets (seeds) have salivary glands that are more developed that those with wet diets (fish).  Gastrointestinal system Birds have diffused salivary glands Esophagus (7) courses down the right side of the neck evand Crop (8)Rightside Diverticulum of the esophagus Birds that have a crop include: chickens, turkeys, vultures, hawks, falcons, eagles, gulls, and many types of quail Owls and geese do not have a crop Ventral view of dissected neck of chicken Dyce 4th ed. Fig. 37-15 Gastrointestinal system Proventriculus (3) Glandular stomach Secretes digestive enzymes Ventriculus (4) or Grizzard Muscularstouch Grinding stomach Breaks up larger food Ducts emptying into the duodenum (6) Cysticoenteric duct – from gall bladder Hepatoenteric duct – from left lobe of liver Vitelline (Meckel’s) diverticulum (8) Remnant of the embryonic yolk sac; It marks the boundary between the jejunum and ileum. May become inflamed (similar to appendicitis); Paired ceca (10) Descending colon (11) Dyce 4th ed. Fig. 37-15  188 Jejunum Source: König et al., 2016, AVIAN ANATOMY Textbook and Colour Atlas  Gastrointestinal system Crop Out-pouching of the esophagus; cranial to the thoracic inlet on the right side in chickens; some bird species do not have a crop; temporary storage space so birds can eat and fly. Proventriculus Glandular part of stomach; secretes digestive enzymes Ventriculus Non-glandular, thick, muscular; breaks up larger food Small intestines Duodenum, jejunum, ileum Mekel’s diverticulum is a remnant of the fetal yolk stalk. Cecum Bilobed in the chicken; can be single lobed or absent in other birds Between ileum and rectum Rectum/Colon Used interchangeably; very short Cloaca Terminal region of avian GI and reproductive tract 3 compartments: coprodeum – most cranial, end of GI; urodeum – middle, end of urinary and repro; proctodeum – terminal portion Ileum opens to vent. Vent Opening of the cloaca to the outside world Source: König et al., 2016, AVIAN ANATOMY Textbook and Colour Atlas Cloaca Coprodeum (10) Dilated distal portion of the colon; Ventral view outsiders Urodeum (11) Entrance of ureters and genital tract; Proctodeum (12) Cloacal bursa; Dyce 4th ed. Fig. 37-31 B  Male Urogenital system Tamilselvan et al. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018; 6(3): 156-159 Paired kidneys, elongated, 3 lobes (cranial, intermediate, caudal) No urinary bladder, urates are the main nitrogenous waste (instead of urea) Males have paired testes inside of Mfoundou, J.D.L.; Guo, Y.; Yan, Z.; Wang, X. Morpho-Histology and Morphometry of Chicken Testes and Seminiferous Tubules abdomen (no scrotum) among Yellow-Feathered Broilers of Different Ages. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 485. https://doi.org/10.3390/ vetsci9090485  Egg production in the oviduct of the chicken hen Infundibulum (3) 7 cm in length Thin coating of dense albumen 15 minutes Magnum (4) 30 cm in length Albumen Usually only one 3 hours oviduct, on the left side Isthmus (5) 8 cm in length Primarily shell membranes Dyce 4th ed. Fig. 37-35 1 hour Shell gland (“uterus”) (6) 8 cm in length Shell unideal 20 hours “Vagina” (7) opens Passage of egg at theataffe Seconds  Urogenita l Source: Image from John Anderson, Dept. of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University.  Immune System No palpable lymph nodes as in mammals; Thymus (Fig.1) and Bursa of Fabricius (Fig.2) regress early in life; Spleen: at the junction of the proventriculus and ventriculus - it will be enlarged in chlamydiosis, aspergillosis, West Nile virus infection, micobacteriosis. Fig.1 Thymus- Site of production T lymphocytes Fig.2 Bursa of Fabricius- Site of production B lymphocytes http://bszm.elte.hu/anatomy/birds/16f/ https://www.researchgate.net/post/What-is-the-proper-method-for-the-removal-of-bursa-of-fabricius Thank you very much!!!