Vehicle Maintenance Procedures 15 Days PDF

Vehicle Maintenance Procedures 15 Days ‫وسائل صيانة السيارات‬  Course Overview Week 1: Fundamentals of vehicle maintenance Day 1: Introduction to vehicle maintenance Day 2: Tools and safety Procedures Day 3: Basic Inspection and Maintenance check Day 4: Eng...

Vehicle Maintenance Procedures 15 Days ‫وسائل صيانة السيارات‬  Course Overview Week 1: Fundamentals of vehicle maintenance Day 1: Introduction to vehicle maintenance Day 2: Tools and safety Procedures Day 3: Basic Inspection and Maintenance check Day 4: Engine basics and oil change Day 5: Lubrication and cooling system 2 ‫‪Course Overview‬‬ ‫األسبوع األول‪ :‬أساسيات صيانة المركبات‬ ‫اليوم األول‪ :‬مقدمة عن صيانة المركبات‬ ‫اليوم الثاني‪ :‬األدوات وإجراءات السالمة‬ ‫اليوم الثالث‪ :‬الفحص األساسي وفحص الصيانة‬ ‫اليوم الرابع‪ :‬أساسيات المحرك وتغيير الزيت‬ ‫اليوم الخامس‪ :‬نظام التزييت والتبريد‬ ‫‪3‬‬  Course Overview Day 4 Agenda Engine basics and oil change Engine component and function How to change engine oil ? Introduction to engine oile filter and air filter Workshop 4 ‫‪Course Overview‬‬ ‫جدول أعمال اليوم الرابع‬ ‫* أساسيات المحرك وتغيير الزيت‬ ‫* مكونات المحرك ووظائفه‬ ‫* كيف يتم تغيير زيت المحرك؟‬ ‫* مقدمة عن فلتر زيت المحرك وفلتر الهواء‬ ‫* ورشة عمل‬ ‫‪5‬‬  Fundamental of vehicle maintenance Routine Maintenance Check Engine oil check: The main function of a lubrication system is to form a film of oil between the working surfaces of the components to prevent damage by direct contact and to reduce friction to a minimum. The oil’s function is to act as a seal and protect against corrosion. It is a means of conducting heat away from the moving parts and to wash away any abrasive and corrosive deposits from the working surfaces. ‫الوظيفة الرئيسية لنظام التزييت هي تكوين طبقة من الزيت بين األسطح لمنع‬ ‫ وظيفة‬.‫التلف الناتج عن التالمس المباشر وتقليل االحتكاك إلى الحد األدنى‬ ‫ إنه وسيلة لتبديد الحرارة‬.‫الزيت هي العمل كمانع تسريب والحماية من التآكل‬.‫بعيدًا عن األجزاء المتحركة وغسل أي رواسب متاكلة من األسطح المحتكة‬ 6 7  The Internal Combustion Engine ‫محركات االحتراق الداخلى‬ Petrol engines ‫محركات البنزين‬ A petrol spark ignition engine relies on the combustion of an air/fuel mixture to provide the energy to make it run. ‫تعتمد محركات االحتراق الداخلى (بالشرارة) على اشعال‬ ‫خليط الهواء والوقود لتوليد طاقة حركية‬ Engines consist usually of 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 or more cylinders. ‫ اسطوانة‬12 / 8 /6/ 4/ 2 ‫يتكون المحرك من عدد‬ Engines may be arranged in a straight line, flat or ‘vee’ configuration. ‫ قد يكون على شكل مستقيم او‬V 8  The Internal Combustion Engine Engine Main Parts: 9  The Internal Combustion Engine Main components for one cylinder ‫مكونات االسطوانة‬ 10 The Internal Combustion Engine How Engine Works?! !‫كيف يعمل المحرك؟‬ 11  The Internal Combustion Engine Basic Four Stroke Cycle ‫اشواط المحرك االساسية‬ The spark ignition 4-stroke cycle engine requires 4 basic operations. ‫لكى يعمل المحرك يحتاج الى اربع اشواط رئيسية‬ 12  The Internal Combustion Engine Basic Four Stroke Cycle 1- The induction stroke: ‫شوط السحب‬ On the induction stroke, the inlet valve opens and the piston, moving down, creates a depression, (this is a pressure which is less than atmospheric pressure) a mixture of air/fuel which has become vaporized is pushed into the cylinder via the open inlet valve by atmospheric pressure (a high pressure always flows to a low pressure trying to make pressure equal again). ‫فى شوط السحب يتحرك المكبس من اعلى السفل محدث خلخلة‬ ‫داخل االسطوانة ليدخل الهواء داخلها‬ 13  The Internal Combustion Engine Basic Four Stroke Cycle 2-The compression stroke ‫شوط الضغط‬ When the piston reaches its lowest limit of travel it then moves upwards, as this happens the inlet valve closes. The exhaust valve remains closed so the cylinder is sealed and nothing can get in or out. As the piston moves upward the air/fuel mixture (a gas) is compressed to about one tenth its original volume. Thus the compression of the mixture increases the pressure and temperature in the cylinder. ‫عندما يتحرك المكبس من اعلى السفل مع غلق صمامى السحب والعادم‬ ‫يحدث انضغاط لخليط الهواء والوقود ليرتفع حرراتهم وضغطهم‬ 14  The Internal Combustion Engine Basic Four Stroke Cycle 3-The power stroke ‫شوط القدرة‬ As the piston reaches the top of its travel on the compression stroke, a spark from the spark plug ignites the mixture, the mixture burns very rapidly and the cylinder pressure increases to approximately 120 bar (gasoline) or 180 bar (diesel). All of this pressure against the piston forces it down the cylinder. The power is transmitted through the connecting rod to the crankshaft, which is rotated due to the force acting on it. )‫بعد انضغاط الشحنة تقوم شرارة عن طريق شمعة االحتراق (البوجيه‬ ‫باشعال الخليط محدثة انفجار داخل االسطوانة وتنتقل الى سطح المكبس‬ 15  The Internal Combustion Engine Basic Four Stroke Cycle 4-The exhaust stroke ‫شوط العادم‬ As the piston reaches the bottom of its travel (stroke) the exhaust valve opens and the expanding gas escapes to the atmosphere via the exhaust valve port. The piston then starts to move up the cylinder forcing the remaining burnt gases out through the exhaust valve port. When the piston reaches the top of its travel, the exhaust valve closes and the inlet valve opens again. The four strokes continue to repeat during engine operation. ‫يتحرك المكبس من اعلى السفل ويفتح صمام العادم لطرد نواتج االحتراق‬ ‫وتتكر االربعة اشواط مرات عديدة‬ 16 The Internal Combustion Engine 17  The Internal Combustion Engine Basic Four Stroke Cycle Video 18  The Internal Combustion Engine Engine specs. ‫مواصفات المحرك‬ Cylinder diameter (bore) (D): The nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder. ‫القطر الداخلى لالسطوانة‬ Piston Stroke length (L): The nominal distance through which a working piston moves between two successive reversals of its direction of motion (TDC and BDC) )‫س‬.‫م‬.‫ع الى ن‬.‫م‬.‫طول مشوار المكبس (من ن‬ 19  The Internal Combustion Engine Engine specs. Swept volume (VS)-Displacement: The nominal volume generated by the working piston when travelling from one dead center to next one, calculated as the product of piston area and stroke. The capacity described by engine manufacturers in cc is the swept volume of the engine ‫سعة المحرك هو حجم المزاح بواسطة المكبس‬ 20  The Internal Combustion Engine Engine specs. Clearance volume (VC): The nominal volume of the space on the combustion side of the piston at top dead center. Cylinder volume: The sum of swept volume and clearance volume V=Vs+Vc 21  The Internal Combustion Engine Engine specs. Compression ratio ‫نسبة االنضغاط‬ The numerical value of the cylinder volume divided by the numerical value of clearance volume. CR=V/Vc 22  The Internal Combustion Engine Engine specs. Compression ratio ‫نسبة االنضغاط‬ The compression ratio is important for engine performance and efficiency, the higher the compression ratio the more thermal efficient is the engine. For gasoline ‫ محركات البنزين‬engines compression ratio approx. 13:1 Diesel engines ‫محركات الديزل‬have a compression ratio of 16:1 to about 23:1 ‫نسبة االنضغاط مهمة جدا الداء وكفاءة المحرك حيث كلما‬.‫زادات زاد الكفائة الحرارية للمحرك‬ 23  The Internal Combustion Engine Engine specs. Note: The crankshaft rotates twice to complete the four cycles, but the camshaft, which operates the valves only rotates once, therefore the camshaft rotates at half engine speed (a 2:1 ratio). ‫عمود الكرنك يلف ضعف عدد لفات عمود الكامة‬ ‫الذى يحرك الصمامات‬ 24  The Internal Combustion Engine Engine Configurations: ‫اشكال المحركات‬ 1-Single-cylinder engines ‫المحرك احادى االسطوانة‬ have a single piston and one cylinder. They’re commonly seen on motorcycles, scooters, go- karts, all-terrain vehicles, portable tools, garden machines, and some other vehicles. Single-cylinder engines are simpler and more compact. With single-cylinder engines, air cooling is generally more efficient than with multi-cylinder engines because of the larger capacity for airflow around all sides of the cylinders. ‫يتكون من اسطوانة واحدة وهو مثل الموجود فى الموتوسيكالت و‬. ‫االت العناية بالحدائق‬ ‫يكون حجم المحرك صغير وعادة ما يتم تبريده بالهواء‬ 25  The Internal Combustion Engine Engine Configurations: 2-Straight / Inline engines ‫محركات خطية‬ The cylinder bank and crankshaft can both be machined from a single metal casting, a straight engine is simpler to construct than any other engines layouts. Most common in vehicles four inline cylinders 26  The Internal Combustion Engine Engine Configurations: 3 -V engines -Have cylinders arranged in two parallel planes or ‘banks,’ connected to the same crankshaft ‫يتكون من مجموعتين من االسطوانات على نفس‬ ‫عمود الكرنك‬ -length of a V engine is usually less than an identical inline engine, but the trade-off is a greater width. EX: V6-V8 ‫يتميز بانه يكون اقصر لنفس عدد االسطوانات‬ ‫ولكن يكون اكثر عرضا من النوع المسطح‬ 27  The Internal Combustion Engine Engine Configurations: 4-Flat engines (Boxer Engines) :‫محركات مسطحة‬ Lower center of gravity: Having a more flatten than tall shape ensures a better placement of the engine and better handling of the car. They also have some disadvantages. They are complex to design, and maintaining them is harder compared to conventional V’s. ‫تتميز بانخفاض مركز الثقل مما يعطى ثبات اكثر للسيارة‬ ‫من عيوبها انها معقدة التصميم ايضا صعوبة صيانتها‬ 28  The Internal Combustion Engine Engine Configurations: 5-Radial engines ‫المحركات الدائرية‬ There is just one crankshaft in the radial engine, and all of the pistons are located at the same place on the crankshaft. This type of engine was used mainly for airplanes. ‫يوجد عمود كرنك واحد ويتصل به المكابس ويكون على‬. ‫شكل دائرى‬ ‫ويكون موجود بالطائرات‬ 29  Injection System Valves ‫الصمامات‬ must ensure a gas tight seal when closed ‫يجب ان تكون مانع جيد ضد تسريب الغازات‬ offer as little opposition to the flow of gas possible have a reliable operating mechanism operate with minimum wear under extreme conditions, long life ‫تتحمل ظروف التشغيل القاسية‬ be accurately timed to open and close to provide maximum engine efficiency (power) ‫تكون دقيقة من حيث توقيت الفتح والغلق للحصول على اعلى‬ ‫كفاءة‬ 30  Injection System Overhead camshaft layout : ‫عامود الكامات العلوى‬ The overhead camshaft arrangement lends itself readily to multi-valve arrangements. ‫عامود الكامات العلوى مصمم لتشغيل اكثر من صمام‬ 31  Injection System Dual overhead camshafts (DOHC) ‫اعمد الكامات الثنائية‬ Twin camshaft four valve per cylinder engine.Using just two valves leaves most of the cylinder bore area unused, by reducing the size of the valves it is possible to fit three valves per cylinder. If the valves are made smaller it makes it possible to fit four valves per cylinder or five or even six. ‫فيه تم عمل صمامين للسحب وصمامين للعادم وذلك لالستفادة من حجم االسطوانة‬ 32  Injection System Variable valve timing VVT-i, VVC and VTEC ‫توقيت االشعال المتغير‬ are all acronyms, which embrace a range of engine design enhancements. There are two basic methods of valve timing, cam-changing and cam- phasing. Cam-changing (VTEC) provides different cam profiles allowing earlier opening of the inlet valves and later closing including greater valve lift at high engine speeds. ‫فيه يتم التحكم فى الكامات وذلك للتحكم فى توقيت فتح‬ ‫وغلق الصمامات لتناسب االحمال المختلفة‬ 33  Injection System Variable valve timing VVT-i, VVC and VTEC During full acceleration ‫اثناء اقصى تسارع‬ Timing is retarded which delays the closing of the intake valve and this allows a greater amount of air/fuel mixture to be drawn in producing higher torque and improved acceleration. ‫يتم تأخير الكامة وذلك لتأخير غلق صمام الهواء ليسمح بدخول‬ ‫كمية وقود اكبر‬ During full power : ‫اثناء اقصى حمل‬ Timing is advanced thus preventing intake lag associated with high rpm. Allows greater amounts of air/fuel mixture to be drawn in, improving output power. ‫يتم تقديم الكامة للسماح بدخول الشحنة بشكل اسرع‬ 34  Engine specs Flatness of cylinder head Maximum distortion: Cylinder block side 0.05mm (0.0020 in.) Manifold side 0.10mm (0.0039 in.) 35  ‫‪Engine specs‬‬ ‫فحص استقامة رأس المحرك‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اقصى سماحية‪:‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫جهة البلوك كتلة االسطوانات )‪0.05mm (0.0020 in.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫جهة مجمع السحب ومجمع العادم )‪0.10mm (0.0039 in.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اذا كان خارج النسب يجب عمل خراطة او تغيير‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪36‬‬  ‫‪Engine specs‬‬ ‫فحص كتلة االسطوانات‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اقصى قياس‬ ‫ ‬ ‫)‪0.05mm (0.0020 in.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اذا كان خارج النسب يجب عمل خراطة او تغيير‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪37‬‬  Engine specs Piston ring end gab measurement 38  Minor service Engine oil and filter change Engine oil performs many functions within the engine and needs to be changed periodically. Its functions include: lubrication, which reduces both wear and friction cooling, by using the oil to transfer heat from high temperature areas of the engine to the sump, where the oil is cooled by air rushing over the sump sealing of the combustion chamber to retain the high-pressure gas the removal of carbon generated in the combustion process the prevention of corrosion of internal metal parts. 39  ‫‪Minor service‬‬ ‫تغيير زيت المحرك والفلتر‬ ‫يؤدي زيت المحرك العديد من الوظائف داخل المحرك ويحتاج‬ ‫إلى تغييره بشكل دوري‪.‬تشمل وظائفه‪:‬‬ ‫ التزييت‪ ،‬مما يقلل من التآكل واالحتكاك‬ ‫ التبريد‪ ،‬باستخدام الزيت لنقل الحرارة من مناطق درجات‬ ‫الحرارة العالية في المحرك إلى حوض الزيت‪ ،‬حيث يتم تبريد‬ ‫الزيت عن طريق اندفاع الهواء فوق حوض الزيت‬ ‫ سد حجرة االحتراق لالحتفاظ بالغاز عالي الضغط‬ ‫ إزالة الكربون الناتج عن عملية االحتراق‬ ‫ منع تآكل األجزاء المعدنية الداخلية‪.‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ Engine oil and filter change Precautions: allow the oil to cool for a few minutes before it is drained to reduce the chances of getting burnt keep vehicle level when checking oil level check that the oil warning light goes out when the vehicle is started after the oil has been replenished dispose of the oil in the correct manner (never pour into the drainage system). Start engine and check for any leak 41  ‫تغيير زيت المحرك والفلتر‬ ‫االحتياطات‪:‬‬ ‫ اترك الزيت ليبرد لبضع دقائق قبل تصريفه لتقليل‬ ‫احتماالت االحتراق‬ ‫ حافظ على مستوى السيارة عند فحص مستوى الزيت‬ ‫ تأكد من انطفاء مصباح تحذير الزيت عند تشغيل‬ ‫السيارة بعد‬ ‫إعادة ملء الزيت‬ ‫ تخلص من الزيت بالطريقة الصحيحة (ال تصبه أبدًا في‬ ‫نظام التصريف)‪.‬‬ ‫قم بتشغيل المحرك وتحقق من عدم وجود أي تسريب‬ ‫‪42‬‬ Oil Filter: ‫فلتر الزيت‬ This is usually made from paper and is of the element type. It is replaced after a mileage of between 5,000 and 10, 000 KM, at the same time as the oil. Check the manufacturer’s service guide. ‫عادة يصنع من الورق لتنقية الزيت ويتم‬ 10000 ‫ الى‬5000 ‫تغييره دوريا بعد‬ ‫كيلومتر‬ 43  Lubrication System Oil pressure switch : ‫ساعة الزيت‬ This switch operates the oil warning light to warn the driver of a failure in the lubrication system caused by loss of pressure. The oil pressure switch is fitted in the main oil gallery ‫الحساس المسئول عن اضاءة عالمة تحذير للسائق عند‬ ‫حدوث انهيار للضغط ويكون موجود على خط التغذية‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ 44  Minor service Air filter change The air filter like stops dust and dirt from entering the engine. The air filter is placed before the throttle body and intake manifold to remove all contamination before it enters the combustion chamber. Any dust entering the combustion chamber will cause rapid wear of the cylinder. If the air filter becomes clogged then engine performance will decrease and this is why it needs to be changed periodically. Average time life 10.000 km to 20000 km 45  ‫‪Minor service‬‬ ‫تغيير فلتر الهواء‬ ‫يعمل فلتر الهواء على منع دخول الغبار واألوساخ‬ ‫إلى المحرك‪.‬‬ ‫يتم وضع فلتر الهواء قبل جسم الخانق(الثروتل)‬ ‫ومجمع السحب (التالجة)إلزالة كافة الملوثات قبل‬ ‫دخولها إلى غرفة االحتراق‪.‬أي غبار يدخل إلى‬ ‫غرفة االحتراق يسبب ً‬ ‫تآكال سريعًا لألسطوانة‪.‬إذا‬ ‫أصبح فلتر الهواء مسدودًا‪ ،‬فسوف ينخفض أداء‬ ‫المحرك ولهذا السبب يجب تغييره بشكل دوري‪.‬‬ ‫متوسط العمر االفتراضي ‪ 10.000‬كم إلى‬ ‫‪ 20.000‬كم‬ ‫‪46‬‬  ‫تدريب‬ ‫‪-1‬اذكر ‪ 5‬من اجزاء المحرك االساسية ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬اشرح كيف يعمل المحرك االحتراق الداخلى واشرح االشواط االربعه ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ما معنى سعة المحرك ‪CC‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬اذكر ‪ 3‬من اشكال المحركات‬ ‫‪-5‬ما وظيفة فلتر الزيت وفلتر الهواء‬ ‫‪47‬‬