Auto Ops I PDF

AUTO OPS - I INTRO  AIM To acquaint the class about Automatic Operations in Small Arms Wpn Systems  PREVIEW Evolution of 01 Weapons Cycle of Ops 02 Safety in Wpns 03 Parts of the Op 04 Mech PART I : EVOLUTION OF WPNS  EVOLUTION OF WPNS...

AUTO OPS - I INTRO  AIM To acquaint the class about Automatic Operations in Small Arms Wpn Systems  PREVIEW Evolution of 01 Weapons Cycle of Ops 02 Safety in Wpns 03 Parts of the Op 04 Mech PART I : EVOLUTION OF WPNS  EVOLUTION OF WPNS Problems in Advantages in Warfare Warfare Evolution of Fire Arms Chemistry and Industrial Metallurgy Revolution  EVOLUTION OF WPNS Invention of Gun Powder 800 AD Matchlocks (1368) to Flint-locks (1610) Edward Charles Howard - Fulminate (1800) and Joshua Shaw - Percussion Cap (1822) Colt Revolver 1847 dominated as the preferred pers def wpn The Rifle till 1840s were still smooth bore muzzle loaded muskets  EVOLUTION OF WPNS Claude & Henry Gustav designed bullets with conical bases - the Minie Rifle 1851 Breech Loaded wpns - Problems of hot gases blowback through chamber M-1842 (Norwegian origin) the first breech locked rifle Prussian Needle Gun - Bolt Action + Firing pin (needle) activating percussion cap (Quick assembly and replacement of parts Spencer Repeating Rifle - Mag Fed and Metal cased bullets  EVOLUTION OF WPNS The Gatling Gun - 1861 Richard Jordan Gatling 6 Brls - Hand cranked - Paper Carts Excess smoke and stoppages 1870 - The first magazine in a compact packet made by James Paris Lee (Canada) and used in Prussian Bolt action M1871 Rifle Water cooled brl - Tripod mtd Sir Fredrick Abel - Smokeless powder/ Cordite - 1889 - and removed the problems of Gatling Gun Recoil Op cycle of ops - idea existed since 1870s but implemented in Maxim Maxim Gun - Hiram Stevens Maxim in 1884 - First fully auto machine gun Belt Fed with 600 Rds per min RoF and eff rg 1800 mtr  EVOLUTION OF WPNS Evolution of MGs Hotchkiss MG - 1897 - French - Gas powered air cooled - 450 Rds per min and 2500 mtrs Lewis Machine Gun - USA/UK - Rotary cart Colt M1895 designed by John Browning - Gas powered and very successful M1918 BAR - LMG - Gas Op - and capable of semi- auto and fully auto fire  EVOLUTION OF WPNS Analysis of the WW2 and the advantages of BAR Invention of M14 (4.536 kg with 20 Rds Mag) Invention of AR-10 (Armalite) and AR-15 by Eugene stoner (2.97 Kgs) Lighter polymer - Plastics - Aluminum parts - Moved to 5.56 mm due to wound ballistics and lesser wt of amn M-16 A1 - A2 - A3 - A4 PART II : CYCLE OF OPS  BASIC CYCLE OF OPS Fire Lock Unlock Load Extract Feed Cock Eject  BASIC CYCLE OF OPS FIRE LOCK UNLOCK Conversion of Channelising the Actuating the Amn Energy Energy LOAD EXTRACT Firing Pin Chamber Barrel FEED COCK EJECT  BASIC CYCLE OF OPS Fire Lock Unlock Locking Provides Safety LOAD EXTRACT FEED Must Unlock to Carry Out COCK Rest of Actions EJECT  BASIC CYCLE OF OPS FIRE LOCK UNLOCK LOAD Extracting the Spent Case from the Extract Chamber FEED A New Rd can be Fed into the Chamber Cock EJECT  BASIC CYCLE OF OPS FIRE LOCK Returning the Firing Mechanism to Cocked Posn UNLOCK Firing Mechanism is Ready to LOAD Fire Again EXTRACT Feed Cock Eject  BASIC CYCLE OF OPS FIRE Throwing Out the Spent Case LOCK from the Axis UNLOCK A New Rd can be Fed into the LOAD Chamber EXTRACT Feed Cock Eject  BASIC CYCLE OF OPS FIRE LOCK UNLOCK Placing the Rd along the Axis where it will be Fired LOAD EXTRACT Feed Cock Eject  BASIC CYCLE OF OPS FIRE Lock UNLOCK Load EXTRACT Posn Rd inside Chamber Feed COCK Mounting of Extractor on Rd EJECT  BASIC CYCLE OF OPS Fire Lock Unlock Provide Safety to Wpn and LOAD Firer EXTRACT Locking Achieved by FEED Projections or Lugs COCK EJECT BASIC CYCLE OF OPS  CYCLE OF OPS : INSAS FAMILY Cycle comprising eight actions Cocking & Ejection takes place simultaneously Same for entire INSAS family wpns  CYCLE OF OPS : 9 mm CMG Cycle comprising six actions only Lock & Unlock do not takes place Main cause for accidental fire by wpn TYPES OF WPN Manual Wpns Semi Auto Wpns Auto Wpns  MANUAL WPNS All actions of the cycle of op are done manually Rate of fire is very less More accurate Most common examples are bolt action rifles  SEMI AUTO WPNS Except firing all actions of cycle of op take place automatically Faster rate of fire than manually operated weapons Trigger has to be released in order to fire next round  AUTO WPNS All actions of cycle of op take place automatically High Rate of Fire Till trigger is pressed the cycle of op will continue PART III : SAFETY IN WPNS  REQMT OF SAFETY IN WPNS Safety of firer NEED FOR SAFETY Safety of wpn  TYPES OF SAFETY Ensures wpn does not fire Primarily to prevent till the time it is desired to accidental fire APPLIED SAFETY Obstruct op of fg mech Eg: Safety catches, change levers, Trigger gd, etc  APPLIED SAFETY Trigger Safety - Glock pistol Grip Safety - UZI SMG  MECHANICAL SAFETY Inbuilt mech within Incorporated during design of wpn manufacturing of wpn Implies primer cannot be MECHANICAL Sp provided to base of rd struck before rd is fully SAFETY inside chamber seated inside chamber Delay provided till pressure Eg: Tilting of breech block, reduces to safe level Lock/Unlock of rotating Bolt etc  MECHANICAL SAFETY IMPORTANT TERMS Min pressure reqd to push bullet out of Shot Start Pressure Crimp (5 TSI) Max pressure limit safe for mov of mech Safe Pressure parts of wpn (2 TSI) Max pressure produced inside chamber Peak Pressure (21 TSI)  FUNCTIONING OF MECHANICAL SAFETY Feeding of rd Rd fired 1 2 Rotating bolt locks, wpn Gas pressure incr, reaches ready for fire 5 TSI, bullet moves out of crimp Pr starts decr Gas Pressure 4 3 incr Pressure once decr to 2 TSI unlocking Pressure inside cart incr, hugs walls commence, mech parts starts rearward mov. of the chamber. Rear mov of cart Complete the cycle before fg of next rd prevented by LOCKED rotating bolt 5 Wpn safe to fire Cycle completes MECHANICAL SAFETY MECHANICAL SAFETY  MECHANICAL SAFETY EXAMPLES OF MECH SAFETY Rotating bolt, Brl safety lever, Ratchet Negev LMG safety Sig 716 Rotating bolt Lock & unlock mov of rotating bolt, INSAS wpns Safety sear & Stem LOCKING IN WPNS TYPES OF LOCKING IN WPNS Tilting lock Sliding lock Rotating bolt Projecting lug lock Roller delay lock Toggle joint lock  TILTING LOCK Locking takes place by tilting BB gets locked inside 01 move of BB 02 recess provided Mech move & design ensures Two types- Upwards & 03 no fg prior locking of wpn 04 Downwards Eg of upward tilting: Eg of downward tilting: 05 7.62 mm LMG 06 7.62 mm SLR Rif  SLIDING LOCK Instead BB moving Post load, BB moves 01 backwards, moves sideways 02 behind & locks itself Advantage: Shorter length of Eg: 25 Pdr Arty gun 03 gun, lt wt 04  ROTATING BOLT Post feeding bolt rotates on its Unlike tilting, here locking 01 axis, gets locked inside recess 02 takes place at fwd end of BB Only front part of BB hy, thus Lt BB facilitates fast mov of 03 overall wt of BB reduces 04 mech parts High rate of fire 05 Eg: INSAS wpns, AK-47, 06 M-16 Rif  PROJECTING LUG LOCK Lug projecting out from BB Locks itself inside recess 01 02 provided Retracts while unlock, Eg: 30 mm Browning 03 facilitate mov of parts 04 MG  ROLLER DELAY LOCK Locks themselves in 01 Rollers att with the BB 02 recess provided 03 Eg: 7.62 mm GPMG  TOGGLE JOINT LOCK Found in recoil op wpns Works on principle of 01 02 See-Saw Facilitate locking of BB Eg: Recoil op wpns 03 with brl 04 TOGGLE JOINT LOCK TOGGLE JOINT LOCK TYPES OF BREECH MECH  TYPES OF BREECH MECH Open Breech Wpns TYPES OF WPNS Closed Breech Wpns  OPEN BREECH WPNS When cocked, BB held at rear end of wpn Wpns cocked, however no rd present in the chamber 7.62 mm NEGEV Pressing trigger encompasses Feed- Load-Lock & Fire by wpn 7.62 mm LMG  CLOSED BREECH WPNS When cocked, BB moves fwd & halts at chamber end 7.62 mm Sig Sauer Rif Rd present inside the chamber Separate mech for fire as bal actions carried out during cocking action 7.62 mm Dragunov Sniper  OPEN Vs CLOSED BREECH WPNS TRIGGER Only Fire Action of Feed, Load, Lock & Fire PRESS Comparatively less ACCURACY More MECH Complicated Simple SAFETY Rd not present CHAMBER Rd present inside chamber No Cook-off COOK-OFF Possible PART IV : OP MECH  OP MECHANISM Chamber Ejector Barrel Butt Muzzle attachments Recoil spring Extractor CHAMBERS IN WPNS  CHAMBERS IN WPNS Can withstand max pressure 01 Provide sp to cart post fg of rd 02 upto 60 TSI Carts designed as per the New wpns like INSAS incl 03 chamber of wpn 04 Chromium plated chambers Reduce wear & tear, incr life 05 & less cleaning reqd TYPES OF CHAMBERS TYPES Tapered chambers Parallel chambers Fluted chambers  TYPES OF CHAMBERS TAPERED CHAMBER Design Fwd portion tapered Less friction between cart & chamber walls, Extraction thus easy extraction Examples 7.62 mm SLR & INSAS wpns  TYPES OF CHAMBERS PARALLEL CHAMBER Design Chamber walls parallel thoughout More friction between cart & chamber walls, Extraction thus delay extraction Examples 9 mm CMG  TYPES OF CHAMBERS FLUTED CHAMBER Design Longitudinal serrations cut inside chamber Less friction because of serrations, thus Extraction easy extraction Examples M-16 Aslt Rif  OBTURATION Expansion of cart case Hug walls of chamber Prevent rearward escape of gases Enables gases to act on projectile during fwd mov STRONG BASE OF CART BASE ? When bullet is fired, 21 TSI pressure generated Cart not strong enough to take pressure, helped by walls of chamber Last 1/8th of an inch of cartridge case base Thus made strong to cater for the same CARTRIDGE HEAD SPACE (CHS) Dist between front face of BB & pt where cart rest inside chamber Different for Rimmed & Rimless amn Advantage: Easy extraction & amn not necessarily to be precision made  RIMMED Vs RIMLESS AMN DIA OF BASE Same dia as of cart Dia of base more than dia of cart OF CART As dia is more, stopped by Stopped by tapered portion of PT OF REST chamber chamber face itself CHS= Dist between face of BB & Dist between face of BB & centre of TOTAL CHS tapered portion of chamber Rim CHS CHS  DEFECTS IN CASE Ruptured case TYPES OF DEFECTS Separated case  RUPTURED CASE Chamber gets eroded due to hammering by BB CHS incr, thus more portion of cart exposed Could not withstand pressure, thus explodes Wpn needs to be sent to workshop Occurs towads rear 1/3rd portion of rd  SEPARATED CASE Metallurgy of cart is weak, tensile str low, Pitted Chamber, Strong base less than 1/8th inch, excessive fouling & dirty amn Cannot take pressure thus breaks inside chamber Popularly known as “Kata hua case” Use of clearing plug Occurs towards fwd 1/3rd portion of rd  BRL Provides dirn & spin to the bullet Thick towards chamber end & thinner towards muzzle Stellite alloy based plating Now a days uses Chromium plating  RIFLING Longitudnal serrations, provide spin Lands & grooves provide rightward spin Pitch is dist covered in one complete turn Rifling Driving edges helps bullet to setup in rifling  WINDAGE Difference between diameter of projectile & caliber of wpn In muzzle loaded wpns for easy loading of amn No setup therefore amn is fin stabilized No windage in SA as adversely affects MV & accuracy  SET UP Expansion of bullet base Hug rifling of brl Prevent forward escape of gases Act same way as obturation works at chamber end  MUZZLE ATTACHMENTS Flash hider Recoil intensifier Flash suppressor Muzzle brake Silencer Gren projection Compensator  FLASH HIDER Bulky funnel like att, used in old wpns LMG.303 Used to hide flash Eg:.303 LMG Flash hider  FLASH SUPPRESSOR To suppress flash & blast both, a slotted att fixed at muzzle Enable escape of gases, thereby Slotted reducing flash INSAS wpns have instead holes facing outwards Holes facing outwards  SILENCER Attachment att to reduce blast Traps passing gases thus min muzzle blast Adversely affects the MV & Rg  COMPENSATOR Strip of metal att with muzzle to compensate Throw-off in wpns Compensator att in opposite dirns so as to negate Throw-off THROW OFF Eg: AK-47. FORCE DUE TO 7.62 MM AKM COMPENSATOR  RECOIL INTENSIFIER To incr recoil of wpn enabling backward mov of op mechanism Attachment traps gases & directs them rearwards thus incr recoil Eg: MG att in ICV/APC  MUZZLE BRAKE Used in recoil op wpns. Used to reduce recoil Attachment traps gases & directs them in fwd dirn thus decr recoil Eg: 5.45 mm AK-74  EXTRACTOR FUNCTIONING Extraction of fired case or misfired rd & enables feeding of next rd Fitted in front face of breech, holds the rim of cart Two types: Single piece & Multi piece  EJECTOR FUNCTIONING Ejects fired case out from Ejection slot In form of obstruction in rearward mov of cart, placed opposite to ejection slot Three types: Fixed, Rocking & Push rod type  BUTT FUNCTIONING Enable firer to sp the wpn on shoulders Can be att straight or at some angle with wpn In some wpns butt houses return spring & fg mech Fixed, Foldable & Bull Pup design  BULL PUP DESIGN Fg mech & return spring housed inside the butt Pistol grip ahead of fg mech & magazine, decr overall length of wpn Advantages like decr in length & wt of wpn 5.56 mm Tavor Aslt Rif  RETURN SPRING FUNCTIONING Ordinary spring to push fwd mov parts Str of spring depends upon wt of mov parts If made stronger can hamper accuracy & cause damage to wpn If weak then cannot produce reqd amount of energy  SIGHTING SYS Open sights Telescopic sights 01 02 Ni sights Collimator sights 03 04 Laser dot sights 05  OPEN SIGHTS Foresight TYPES OF OPEN SIGHTS Rearsight  TYPES OF FORESIGHTS IN WPNS More sturdy STURDY Less sturdy CORRECTION Minutest of correction can be given Min ½ turn reqd POSSIBLE Less accurate ACCURACY More accurate  TYPES OF REAR SIGHTS IN WPNS Less FOV, so difficulty in engaging Large FOV so easy to engage FD OF VIEW mov tgts EFFECT OF Does not get obscured Gets obscured in bad wx WX More accurate ACCURACY Less accurate  TELESCOPIC SIGHTS Provided with wpn, has magnification thus eff for long rg tgts Inbuilt reticule pattern to engage mov tgts Rg estimation asst provided, eg DSR Fragile & get obscured in bad wx conditions  NIGHT SIGHTS Own source, released and is Only a receiver, requires source at PRINCIPLE tgt end bounced back from the tgt SOURCE OF Ambient lt, Heat emitted Recd by device & tgt loc ENERGY Image intensification & Thermal IR based sights EXAMPLES Imager based sights  COLLIMATOR SIGHTS Optical sight with unity magnification Both sights coupled thus easy to aim Eyes easily set to surrounding Fragile & ltd success in long rg tgts engagements  RED DOT SIGHTS LPVO REFLEX HOLO  LASER DOT SIGHTS Emits laser beam parallel to brl Can be vis or IR beam Allow fast alignment of wpn No allowance for bullet drop and wind JAI HIND